« Et pour les Flamands, la même chose » : quelle politique de traduction pour quelles minorités linguistiques ?

Les recherches sur les politiques de langue passent le rôle clé des politiques de traduction sous silence. Le présent article défend l’idée que toute politique de langue présuppose une politique de traduction. À l’aide de divers exemples de conflits et de réglementations relatifs à la langue et à la traduction en Belgique (surtout) et ailleurs, il cherche à illustrer comment, dans un contexte de mondialisation grandissante, accompagnée de confrontations entre cultures et ethnicités, certaines politiques de traduction conditionnent et règlent la présence des langues minoritaires dans la sphère publique. Elles codéterminent, par conséquent, les droits linguistiques, culturels, sociaux, politiques, économiques… des minorités. Des recherches à grande échelle sur les politiques de traduction dans les sociétés passées et présentes devraient augmenter la sensibilité sociétale à l’égard du rôle clé de la traduction dans ces questions fondamentales et favoriser l’émergence de solutions raisonnées. Il s’agit là d’un nouveau défi pour la traductologie.Research on language policies in multilingual societies remains surprisingly silent about the key role of translation policies. This paper argues that any language policy presupposes a translation policy. Drawing on various examples of language and translation regulations and struggles in (mainly) Belgium and other countries, it tries to illustrate how, in a context of expanding globalization, of encounters of diverse cultures and ethnicities, various translation policies condition and regulate the presence of minority languages in the public sphere. They consequently codetermine the minorities’ linguistic, cultural, social, political, economic … rights. Large-scale future research on translation policies in past and present societies should enhance societies’ awareness of translation’s key role in these fundamental issues and allow for research-based solutions. This a new challenge for Translation Studies

Les relations littéraires au-delà des oppositions binaires : national et international, traduit et non traduit

À partir de l’exemple belge, le présent article propose une typologie des relations littéraires (traductionnelles et autres) dans les cultures multilingues où les littératures se partagent un espace commun et entretiennent des relations hiérarchiques complexes et dynamiques. En principe, les cultures multilingues peuvent constituer un réservoir de relations littéraires protéiformes et illimitées entre les diverses littératures. En pratique, l’articulation concrète des relations littéraires est tributaire de l’institutionnalisation divergente des langues et des littératures à l’intérieur d’une culture multilingue, comme une ville, une région ou une nation. Une telle perspective socio-institutionnelle permet d’appréhender quels types de relations sont susceptibles de se réaliser à l’intérieur d’un continuum de possibilités quasi illimitées. Elles brouillent partiellement les distinctions univoques entre littératures « source » et « cible » et obligent la traductologie à redéfinir certains de ses concepts clés. Si la traductologie veut se profiler comme le comparatisme du XXIe siècle, elle devra donc faire face à ces nouveaux défis.On the basis of the Belgian example, this article proposes a typology of literary relationships (translational and other) in multilingual cultures where literatures share a common space and maintain complex and dynamic hierarchical relationships. In principle, multilingual cultures may be a reservoir of multifaceted and unlimited literary relationships between various literatures. In practice, the concrete articulation of literary relationships is subject to the divergent institutionalization of languages and literatures in a multilingual culture (like a city, a region, or a nation). Such a socio-institutional perspective allows for the comprehension of what types of relations are likely to occur within a continuum of almost unlimited possibilities. They partially blur the univocal distinctions between “source” and “target” literatures and require that Translation Studies redefines some of its key concepts. If Translation Studies wants to present itself as the Comparative Literature of the 21st century, it will have to face these new challenges

August Willemsen e a tradução da literatura brasileira para a língua holandesa

The present case study draws a broad picture of the Dutch translator August Willemsen as an important cultural mediator. His translation work served as the key discursive bridge between Brazil and the Dutch-speaking world, between Brazilian literature and Dutch literature. As a typical cultural mediator, he undertook a variety of discursive transfer techniques: fictional writing, translation, transcreation, criticism, essays, studies as well as a variety of more or less institutionalised intercultural publishing and personal networking.Este estudo de caso apresenta a figura do tradutor holandês August Willemsen como um importante mediador cultural. Seu trabalho de tradução serviu de ponte discursiva entre o Brasil e o mundo falante do neerlandês, entre a literatura brasileira e a holandesa. Como um mediador cultural típico, Willemsen assumiu uma grande variedade de técnicas de transferências discursivas: escrita de ficção, tradução, transcriação, crítica, ensaios, estudos. Ele foi também agente ativo nas trocas interculturais de diferentes instituicões editoriais e nas relações interpessoais

No language policy without translation policy: A comparison of Flanders and Wales

A major challenge for authorities in the modern world is the linguistic integration of minorities. In this context, language policies play a key role as authorities are increasingly faced with the challenge of adjusting their language policies in order to secure the linguistic rights and thus the integration of their multilingual populations. In multilingual democracies, these language policies must include choices about the use or non-use of translation. These choices, when they are systematic, become policies of their own in terms of translation. Thus, translation policies arise in part as a consequence of language policies, and there can be no language policy without an attendant translation policy. This article sheds light on the role of translation policies as part of language policy. Specifically, it shows that translation policies can be a tool for integration and recognition or exclusion and neglect of speakers of minority languages and therefore deserve special attention. This is done by comparing the translation policies adopted in Flanders and Wales, both as applied to autochthonous linguistic minorities and allochthonous linguistic minorities. Lessons can be learned from the similarities and differences of translation policies in these two regions

Characteristics of polytrauma patients with posttraumatic stress disorder in a level 1 trauma center

Aims: The aims of this study were to determine if the severity of injury is related to the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in polytrauma patients and to review the personality traits of patients with PTSD. Methods: During 2006 and 2007, 252 polytrauma patients were treated at the Medical Centre Haaglanden in The Hague, The Netherlands. Of the 174 survivors, 53 adult patients were traced and sent questionnaires. They were screened for PTSD and personality traits, coping styles, and negative cognitions, and their level of social support were assessed. Results: PTSD was demonstrated in 22. 6% of the patients. Conclusions: An increased level of neuroticism, negative cognitions regarding themselves, and active dealing were found to be significant predictors of PTSD. However, we found no relation between the injury severity score and the prevalence of PTS

Current methods of diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures

Fractures of the scaphoid bone mainly occur in young adults and constitute 2-7% of all fractures. The specific blood supply in combination with the demanding functional requirements can easily lead to disturbed fracture healing. Displaced scaphoid fractures are seen on radiographs. The diagnostic strategy of suspected scaphoid fractures, however, is surrounded by controversy. Bone scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have their shortcomings. Early treatment leads to a better outcome. Scaphoid fractures can be treated conservatively and operatively. Proximal scaphoid fractures and displaced scaphoid fractures have a worse outcome and might be better off with an open or closed reduction and internal fixation. The incidence of scaphoid non-unions has been reported to be between 5 and 15%. Non-unions are mostly treated operatively by restoring the anatomy to avoid degenerative wrist arthritis

Macrocephaly in an 8-month-old infant

An 8-month-old infant presents with macrocephaly and a mild motoric deficit. The pediatrician asks a complementary MR examination to exclude hydrocephalus

CVIR award 2012-2013: Dr H. Westerlinck. An unusual complication after renal biopsy

Major complications after renal biopsy are those that don’t resolve spontaneously and are in need of an intervention (blood transfusion, angiography, cystoscopy, etc.). They occur in only 6,4% of the cases and include massive hematuria, hematoma, arteriovenous fistula, renal obstruction, acute renal failure, hemoglobin drop or septicemia

High Irritation and Removal Rates After Plate or Nail Fixation in Patients With Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures

Background: Studies comparing plate with intramedullary nail fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures show faster recovery in the plate group and implant-related complications in both groups after short-term followup (6 or 12 months). Knowledge of disability, complications, and removal rates beyond the first postoperative year will help surgeons in making a decision regarding optimal implant choice. However, comparative studies with followup beyond the first year or two are scarce. Questions/purposes: We asked: (1) Does plate fixation or intramedullary nail fixation for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures result in less disability? (2) Which type of fixation, plate or intramedullary, is more frequently associated with implant-related irritation and implant removal? (3) Is plate or intramedullary fixation associated with postoperative complications beyond the first postoperative year? Methods: Between January 2011 and August 2012, patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures were enrolled and randomized to plate or intramedullary nail fixation. A total of 58 patients with plate and 62 patients with intramedullary nails initially were enrolled. Minimum followup was 30 months (mean, 39 months; range, 30–51 months). Two patients (3%) with plate fixation and two patients (3%) with intramedullary nails were lost to followup. The Qui

Operative treatment of dislocated midshaft clavicular fractures: Plate or intramedullary nail fixation?: A randomized controlled trial

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