1,165 research outputs found
Topology optimization for the conduction cooling of a heat-generating volume with orthotropic material
In this paper the two dimensional numerical topology optimization of a high conductive conduit material,
distributed within a heat-generating material, is investigated with regards to the effect of orthotropic
materials. Specifically, materials with orthotropic thermal conductivities (different primary and secondary
principal thermal conductivities).
Two cases are considered in this study, namely the optimal distribution of an isotropic conduit material
within an orthotropic heat generating material; and the optimal distribution of an orthotropic conduit material
within an isotropic heat-generating material. A finite volume method (FVM) code, coupled with the
method of moving asymptotes (MMA); the solid isotropic with material penalization (SIMP) scheme;
and the discrete adjoint method, was used to find the optimal distribution of the high conductive conduit
material within the heat generating material.
For the optimal distribution of an isotropic conduit material within an orthotropic heat-generating material
is was found that a heat-generating material angle 10 6 h0 6 60 is preferred, for a higher thermal
performance, and a heat-generating material angle h0 60 should be avoided.
For the optimal distribution of an orthotropic conduit material within an isotropic heat-generating material
is was found that an optimal conduit material angle exists giving the best thermal performance (lowest
smax). It was found that the optimal conduit material angle remains the same for different
conductivity ratios and different heat-generating material angles. It was also found that the optimal conduit
material angle directly corresponds to the domain aspect ratio, h1;opt ¼ tan 1ð2H=LÞ, with a minimum
improvement of 3% and a maximum improvement of 50% of the thermal performance when using an
orthotropic conduit material over that of an isotropic conduit material. A 50% improvement of the thermal
performance effectively translates to either double the allowable heat generation or half the peak operating
temperature of the isotropic heat-generating material.The
University of Pretoria and the South African National Research
Foundation (NRF-DST).http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt2017-12-31hb2016Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin
Maximum heat transfer density rate enhancement from cylinders rotating in natural convection
In this paper we investigate the thermal behaviour of an assembly of consecutive cylinders in a counterrotating
configuration cooled by natural convection with the objective of maximizing the heat transfer density
rate (heat transfer rate per unit volume). A numerical model is used to solve the governing equations that
describe the temperature and flow fields. The spacing between the consecutive cylinders is optimised for each
flow regime (Rayleigh number) and cylinder rotation speed. It was found that the optimized spacing
decreases as the Rayleigh number increases and the heat transfer density rate increases, for the optimized
structure, as the cylinder rotation speed is increased. Results further show that there is an increase in the heat
transfer density rate of the rotating cylinders over stationary cylinders.The National Research Foundation (NRF-DST)http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmtai201
Constructal multi scale cylinders with rotation cooled by natural convection
This paper investigated the thermal behaviour of an assembly of multi scale cylinders in a staggered
counter-rotating configuration cooled by natural convection with the objective of maximizing the heat
transfer density rate (heat transfer rate per unit volume). A numerical model was used to solve the governing
equations that describe the temperature and flow fields and a mathematical optimisation algorithm
was used to find the optimal structure for flow configurations with two degrees of freedom. The
multi scale structure of the cylinder assembly was optimized for each flow regime (Rayleigh number)
and cylinder rotation speed for two degrees of freedom. Smaller cylinders were placed at the entrance
to the assembly, in the wedge-shaped flow regions occupied by fluid that had not yet been used for heat
transfer, to create additional length scales to the flow configuration.
It was found that there was almost no effect of cylinder rotation on the maximum heat transfer density
rate, when compared to stationary cylinders, at each Rayleigh number; with the exception of high cylinder
rotation speeds, which served to suppress the heat transfer density rate. It was, however, found that
the optimized spacing decreased as the cylinder rotation speed was increased at each Rayleigh number.
Results further show that the maximum heat transfer density rate for a multi scale configuration (without
cylinder rotation) was higher than a single scale configuration (with rotating cylinders) with an
exception at very low Rayleigh numbers.University of Pretoria and the National Research Foundation (NRF-DST)http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmthb201
Classification of graph C*-algebras with no more than four primitive ideals
We describe the status quo of the classification problem of graph C*-algebras
with four primitive ideals or less
The q-exponential family in statistical physics
The notion of generalised exponential family is considered in the restricted
context of nonextensive statistical physics. Examples are given of models
belonging to this family. In particular, the q-Gaussians are discussed and it
is shown that the configurational probability distributions of the
microcanonical ensemble belong to the q-exponential family.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, proceedings of SigmaPhi 200
Study of a Depolarizing Resonance at the IUCF Cooler Ring
This research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY-931478
Cancer diagnostic profile in children with structural birth defects: An assessment in 15,000 childhood cancer cases
Background: Birth defects are established risk factors for childhood cancer. Nonetheless, cancer epidemiology in children with birth defects is not well characterized. Methods: Using data from population-based registries in 4 US states, this study compared children with cancer but no birth defects (n = 13,111) with children with cancer and 1 or more nonsyndromic birth defects (n = 1616). The objective was to evaluate cancer diagnostic characteristics, including tumor type, age at diagnosis, and stage at diagnosis. Results: Compared with the general population of children with cancer, children with birth defects were diagnosed with more embryonal tumors (26.6% vs 18.7%; q < 0.001), including neuroblastoma (12.5% vs 8.2%; q < 0.001) and hepatoblastoma (5.0% vs 1.3%; q < 0.001), but fewer hematologic malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (12.4% vs 24.4%; q < 0.001). In age-stratified analyses, differences in tumor type were evident among children younger than 1 year and children 1 to 4 years old, but they were attenuated among children 5 years of age or older. The age at diagnosis was younger in children with birth defects for most cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, embryonal tumors, and germ cell tumors (all q < 0.05). Conclusions: The results indicate possible etiologic heterogeneity in children with birth defects, have implications for future surveillance efforts, and raise the possibility of differential cancer ascertainment in children with birth defects. Lay Summary: Scientific studies suggest that children with birth defects are at increased risk for cancer. However, these studies have not been able to determine whether important tumor characteristics, such as the type of tumor diagnosed, the age at which the tumor is diagnosed, and the degree to which the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis, are different for children with birth defects and children without birth defects. This study attempts to answer these important questions. By doing so, it may help scientists and physicians to understand the causes of cancer in children with birth defects and diagnose cancer at earlier stages when it is more treatable
Monte Carlo Methods for Estimating Interfacial Free Energies and Line Tensions
Excess contributions to the free energy due to interfaces occur for many
problems encountered in the statistical physics of condensed matter when
coexistence between different phases is possible (e.g. wetting phenomena,
nucleation, crystal growth, etc.). This article reviews two methods to estimate
both interfacial free energies and line tensions by Monte Carlo simulations of
simple models, (e.g. the Ising model, a symmetrical binary Lennard-Jones fluid
exhibiting a miscibility gap, and a simple Lennard-Jones fluid). One method is
based on thermodynamic integration. This method is useful to study flat and
inclined interfaces for Ising lattices, allowing also the estimation of line
tensions of three-phase contact lines, when the interfaces meet walls (where
"surface fields" may act). A generalization to off-lattice systems is described
as well.
The second method is based on the sampling of the order parameter
distribution of the system throughout the two-phase coexistence region of the
model. Both the interface free energies of flat interfaces and of (spherical or
cylindrical) droplets (or bubbles) can be estimated, including also systems
with walls, where sphere-cap shaped wall-attached droplets occur. The
curvature-dependence of the interfacial free energy is discussed, and estimates
for the line tensions are compared to results from the thermodynamic
integration method. Basic limitations of all these methods are critically
discussed, and an outlook on other approaches is given
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