The Strategy Of Sustainable Waste Management: Landfill Management, Recycling, Reduction, And Pollution Prevention

In “The Strategy of Sustainable Waste Management:  Landfill Management, Recycling, Reduction, and Pollution Prevention,” the enduring problem of solid waste management is presented.  As such, this case study deals with a real-life scenario when a recent graduate in the area of journalism and professional writing attempts to branch out and complement her professional interests.  With a fresh MPA in hand, Suzanne Rodgers lands a paid internship with a mid-sized city and takes on the responsibility of researching, planning, and implementing a policy and set of recommendations, for the Public Works Department.  She interviews the key political and economic actors in Winterville, provides a comprehensive description of the city, researches and analyses the incentives and barriers to change and then sets out to develop a plan for a comprehensive residential recycling effort that contains two options:  solid waste management and balancing a landfill fund. This plan and implementation strategy is addressed in a research portfolio.  In the final analysis she is faced with the real world issues of public interests and pressures and at a town hall meeting receives the responses from the citizens of Winterville. In this fast moving three-part case study, Suzanne Rodgers faces the real world of citizen input, conflict, and the role of special interests and pressure groups in making and implementing urban policy.  The case concludes with measurements that were used in Iowa’s Pollution Prevention Intern Program and a summary of the tonnage of waste and pollution reduction and diversion associated with the program from 2001-2014. Cost savings associated with the intern program over the same period are identified and 2014 yearly savings is presented

Talking Trash: Ethics, Sustainability, And Organizational Trust

In 1960 Americans generated 88.1 million tons (2.68 lbs./person/day) of municipal solid waste (MSW), by 2012 municipal solid waste increased to 250.9 million tons (4.38 lbs./person/day). The good news is that of the total MSW 5.6 million tons was recycled in 1960 and by 2012 the amount surged to 86.6 million tons. This real-world case (to protect privacy, names have been changed) chronicles the development of a strategic supply chain decision within a heavily regulated industry that is characterized by hybrid public/private organizations. It illustrates the importance of contract compliance and quality control assessment. In addition, it is heavily imbedded within the sustainability conversation. Finally, integral elements of the case are ethics and organizational trust, which, regardless of contract obligations, is essential in reciprocal relationships and community/customer support

Violence Against Authority: Management, Policy, And Research Implications

There has been a steady decline in violent crime in the United States in the past twenty years. Trends indicate that violent crime was down 13.4 percent below the 200l level and for property crime, society is experiencing the tenth straight year of declining rates.  Yet, the Southern region of the U.S is disproportionately represented by percentage of overall violent crimes committed nationally.  Also, the South is over-represented in the number of police officers who are feloniously killed or assaulted. This empirical research concentrates on violence directed against police in the U.S. and begins by examining the type and magnitude of workplace violence, then transitions to a review of the sociological, political, and psychological literature, focusing on the individual and social causes for violence generally.  It ends with an examination of officers feloniously killed (their personal characteristics and that of their assailants), the level of violence against police by type of arrest or enforcement situation, and by region of the country.   This paper provides a comparative analysis of street-level violence for general municipal assaults, robbery, and the most rapidly growing type of felonious assault—ambush attacks. The paper concludes with an analysis of the societal and behavioral characteristics and considerations related to violence against police.  The authors present a number of current trends, training recommendations, and suggestions for improving officer workplace safety.

Near–Infrared Classification Spectroscopy: \u3ci\u3eH\u3c/i\u3e–band Spectra of Fundamental MK Standards

We present a catalog of H-band spectra for 85 stars of approximately solar abundance observed at a resolving power of 3000 with the KPNO Mayall 4 m Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The atlas covers spectral types O7M5 and luminosity classes IV as defined in the MK system. We identify both atomic and molecular indices and line ratios that are temperature and luminosity sensitive, allowing spectral classification to be carried out in the H-band. The line ratios permit spectral classification in the presence of continuum excess emission, which is commonly found in premain-sequence or evolved stars. We demonstrate that with spectra of R = 1000 obtained at signal-to-noise ratio \u3e50, it is possible to derive spectral types within ±2 subclasses for late-type stars. These data are available electronically through the Astronomical Data Center in addition to being served on the World Wide Web

Alteration in corticospinal excitability, talocrural joint range of motion, and lower extremity function following manipulation in non-disabled individuals

Background: Clinical outcomes of manual therapy procedures, including manipulation, have been studied. However, mechanisms underlying observed improvements remain unclear. Objective: To determine the effect of ankle joint manipulation on corticospinal excitability, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM), and lower extremity functional behavior in nondisabled individuals. Method: Six nondisabled individuals (age range: 31-50 years) received the main outcomes measurements of this study, before and after long axis distraction manipulation of the talocrural joint. Main outcomes measures were motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude of gastrocnemius (GN) and tibialis anterior (TA) using transcranial magnetic stimulation, ankle DF ROM with the knee flexed and extended using standard goniometric techniques, and unilateral anterior squat reach (ASR) distance. All subjects received the main outcomes measures. Results: Significant increase in GN MEP amplitude (P \u3c .05), but not TA MEP amplitude, were documented following intervention. Significant improvements also were noted in ankle DF ROM with knee extended and flexed (P \u3c .001) and ASR distance (P \u3c .05) Significant correlations were found between standardized change in GN MEP amplitude and ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed (ρ = .582, ρ 2 = .339, P \u3c .01), and standardized changes in GN MEP amplitude and ASR distance (ρ = .601, ρ 2 = .361, P \u3c .01). Conclusions: Increased corticospinal excitability appears to mediate improvements in ankle DF ROM and lower extremity function following long axis distraction manipulation 1 Assistant Professor, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, to the talocrural joint in nondisabled individuals. These results establish comparative values with which to compare the corticospinal responses to manual therapy intervention in individuals with pathology. INTRODUCTION Ankle sprains are the most common injury to the ankle joint, affecting up to 2 million people and approximately 53 per 10,000 individuals per year. 1,2 Ankle sprains are common in younger and active individuals. 3-8 Certain sports and work activities may result in an even higher incidence and risk for injury. 9-15 Ankle sprains are a clinically important problem because they result in a substantial number of missed work days 8 and participation in sports activity, 3,5 as well as lead to potential early arthritic changes in the talocrural joint. 16 The prognosis for functional recovery following ankle sprain typically includes a rapid clinical improvement within the first two weeks after injury. 17 However, a series of recent studies indicate a subgroup of individuals appears predisposed to continued pain, functional deficits, and prolonged risk for additional reinjury between 6 weeks and 3 years post injury. 17-25 The prolonged disability associated with ankle sprains represents the possibility of increased direct and indirect health care costs associated with ankle sprains, and may be reduced through identification of optimal approaches to clinical management. One reason for continued pain and elevated risk for reinjury may be limited ankle joint mobility, which may occur as either a cause or consequence of ankle sprain. Limited ankle dorsiflexion has been documented as a major short-term sequel to ankle sprain. 26,27 In addition, several studies have identified limited talocrural joint dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) as an important predisposing factor to ankle sprains. 28-30 Limited ankle DF ROM will position the talocrural joint in plantar flexion during weight bearing activities. This position is notable because the most common mechanism of injury for ankle sprains involves plantar flex-ion and inversion of the ankle and foot. The injury mechanism places excessive load on the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL). With failure of ATFL, secondary restraint to inversion occurs by way of the calcaneo-fibular and posterior talofibular ligaments, placing them at similar risk for injury. Thus, limited ankle DF ROM may result in injury and consequent structural and functional compromise of the ankle lateral collateral ligaments. Physical therapists use mobilization and manipulation to improve ankle DF ROM following ankle sprains. Despite the intuitive appeal of applying these procedures to promote parallel improvements in talocrural DF ROM and functioning in individuals following ankle sprains, this notion has been the focus of relatively few prospective studies. 31 Pellow and Brantingham 32 were among the first to report reduced pain and improved function in individuals with ankle sprains receiving an ankle mortise distraction technique. Whitman and colleagues 33 reported rapid functional improvement after talocrural manipulation in a competitive volleyball player with a mild unilateral

SN 1987A's Circumstellar Envelope, II: Kinematics of the Three Rings and the Diffuse Nebula

We present several different measurements of the velocities of structures within the circumstellar envelope of SN 1987A, including the inner, equatorial ring (ER), outer rings (ORs), and the diffuse nebulosity at radii < 5 pc, based on CTIO 4m and HST data. A comparison of STIS and WFPC2 [N II]6583 loci for the rings show that the ER is expanding in radius at 10.5+-0.3 km/s, with the northern OR expanding along the line of sight at about 26 km/s, and for the southern OR, about 23 km/s. Similar results are found with CTIO 4m data. Accounting for inclination, the best fit to all data show both ORs with an expansion from the SN of 26 km/s. The ratio of the ER to OR velocities is nearly equal to the ratio of ER to OR radii, so the rings are roughly homologous, all having kinematic ages corresponding to about 20,000 yr before the SN explosion. This makes previously reported, large compositional differences between the ER and ORs difficult to understand. Additionally, a grid of longslit 4m/echelle spectra centered on the SN shows two velocity components over a region roughly coextensive with the outer circumstellar envelope extending about 5 pc (20 arcsec) from the SN. One component is blueshifted and the other redshifted from the SN centroid by about 10 km/s each. These features may represent a bipolar flow expanding from the SN, in which the ORs are propelled 10-15 km/s faster than that of the surrounding envelope into which they propogate. The kinematic timescale for the entire nebula is at least about 350,000 yr. The kinematics of these various structures constrain possible models for the evolution of the progenitor and its formation of a mass loss nebula.Comment: 25 pages AASTeX text plus 12 figures. ApJ, in pres

Alternative Computational Methods for Estimation of Logit Model Parameters

1 online resource (PDF, 6 pages

A comparison of CMB- and HLA-based approaches to type I interoperability reference model problems for COTS-based distributed simulation

Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) simulation packages (CSPs) are software used by many simulation modellers to build and experiment with models of various systems in domains such as manufacturing, health, logistics and commerce. COTS distributed simulation deals with the interoperation of CSPs and their models. Such interoperability has been classified into six interoperability reference models. As part of an on-going standardisation effort, this paper introduces the COTS Simulation Package Emulator, a proposed benchmark that can be used to investigate Type I interoperability problems in COTS distributed simulation. To demonstrate its use, two approaches to this form of interoperability are discussed, an implementation of the CMB conservative algorithm, an example of a so-called “light” approach, and an implementation of the HLA TAR algorithm, an example of a so-called “heavy” approach. Results from experimentation over four federation topologies are presented and it is shown the HLA approach out performs the CMB approach in almost all cases. The paper concludes that the CSPE benchmark is a valid basis from which the most efficient approach to Type I interoperability problems for COTS distributed simulation can be discovered

A Deep-to-Shallow Transition in the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian), Kentucky Highway 61, Cumberland County, Kentucky

The Fort Payne Formation of the Cumberland Saddle region of south-central Kentucky and north-central Tennessee is part of a vast marine sedimentation system that extended over much of North America during the Early Mississippian Period; broadly similar facies reached from Georgia through Tennessee and Kentucky, into western Illinois and Missouri, and into New Mexico and the northern Rockies (Pryor and Sable, 1974). Throughout North America the Fort Payne and its equivalents overlie a black shale (in Kentucky called the Chattanooga Shale) and underlie thick carbonates (in Kentucky, the Warsaw Formation and younger middle Mississippian limestones). Six miles south of Burkesville, Ky., on Kentucky Highway 61, a complete section of the Fort Payne, from the top of the Chattanooga Shale well into the overlying Warsaw Formation, is exposed in 11 outcrops (Figs. 1-3). The Fort Payne is approximately 270 feet thick in this section and is composed of basal wackestone mounds; distinctive, fossiliferous, green clay shales associated with the mounds; detrital crinoidal packstones; argillaceous dolosiltstones, the most common lithology in the Fort Payne; and a dark, organic-rich shale, which caps a persistent coarsening-upward packstone unit

A New View of the Circumstellar Environment of SN 1987A

We summarize the analysis of a uniform set of both previously-known and newly-discovered scattered-light echoes, detected within 30" of SN 1987A in ten years of optical imaging, and with which we have constructed the most complete three-dimensional model of the progenitor's circumstellar environment. Surrounding the SN is a richly-structured bipolar nebula. An outer, double-lobed ``peanut,'' which we believe is the contact discontinuity between the red supergiant and main sequence winds, is a prolate shell extending 28 ly along the poles and 11 ly near the equator. Napoleon's Hat, previously believed to be an independent structure, is the waist of this peanut, which is pinched to a radius of 6 ly. Interior, the innermost circumstellar material lies along a cylindrical hourglass, 1 ly in radius and 4 ly long, which connects to the peanut by a thick equatorial disk. The nebulae are inclined 41o south and 8o east of the line of sight, slightly elliptical in cross section, and marginally offset west of the SN. The 3-D geometry of the three circumstellar rings is studied, suggesting the equatorial ring is elliptical (b/a<0.98), and spatially offset in the same direction as the hourglass. Dust-scattering models suggest that between the hourglass and bipolar lobes: the gas density drops from 1--3 cm^{-3} to >0.03 cm^{-3}; the maximum dust-grain size increases from ~0.2 micron to 2 micron; and the Si:C dust ratio decreases. The nebulae have a total mass of ~1.7 Msun, yielding a red-supergiant mass loss around 5*10^{-6} Msun yr^{-1}.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ 2/14/05. 16 pages in emualteapj forma