56 research outputs found
La relation des porcs aux humains en Ă©levage : bases biologiques et impact des pratiques
SynthĂšse.The relationship between pigs and humans is at the heart of animal husbandry and is one of the pillars of the animal welfare issue. Indeed, humans, through their behaviour and their choices of practices, housing conditions and herd management, influence the mental state of their animals. This article aims to review the work in the field of pig farming. We first describe the impact of farming practices and management systems on the relationship between pigs and humans. Experiments have shown that many practices cause pain, anxiety and subsequent reactions of fear in piglets towards humans, even unknown ones. Other practices can be stressful (sorting) or positive (feeding) for animals. âRelationalâ practices, in the sense of practices aimed at developing a close relationship, reduce fear. We then describe impacts of categories of human interactions (auditory, visual, tactile) on pig behaviour. Human presence, at a rate of a few minutes per day, is sufficient to get a piglet used to humans. Talking to animals is essential, and has an impact even in utero. Piglets appreciate soft tactile contacts, caresses and scratches. Human presence, combined with positive interactions, thus gains a positive value, which creates a climate of trust and stimulates positive emotions that will improve animal welfare. Finally, we discuss the importance of considering pig behaviour to create a good relationship in pig farming and to train and give advice to farmers. Stimulating a good relationship (fearless and confident) will not only promote the welfare of pigs but also secure the work of farmers and improve their job satisfaction.La relation entre les porcs et les humains est au centre de lâĂ©levage et est aujourdâhui un des piliers de la question du bien-ĂȘtre animal. En effet, lâhumain, par son comportement et par ses choix de pratiques, de conditions de logement et de gestion du troupeau va influencer lâĂ©tat mental de ses animaux. Cette synthĂšse se propose de faire le bilan des travaux sur la relation humain-animal dans le domaine de lâĂ©levage porcin. Nous dĂ©crivons tout dâabord lâimpact des pratiques et des modes dâĂ©levage sur la relation Ă lâhumain. Des expĂ©rimentations ont montrĂ© que certaines pratiques sont source de douleur et dâangoisse pour les porcelets, et provoquent des rĂ©actions ultĂ©rieures de peur vis-Ă -vis des humains, mĂȘme inconnus. Dâautres pratiques peuvent ĂȘtre stressantes (tri) ou positives (alimentation) pour les animaux. Des pratiques dites relationnelles, au sens de pratiques ayant pour but de dĂ©velopper une relation de proximitĂ©, vont diminuer la peur des humains et favoriser une relation de confiance. Nous dĂ©crivons ensuite lâimpact des diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories dâinteractions humaines (auditives, visuelles, tactiles) sur le comportement des porcs. La prĂ©sence humaine suffit Ă habituer un porcelet aux humains, Ă raison de quelques minutes par jour. Parler aux animaux est primordial, et a un impact mĂȘme in utero. Les porcelets apprĂ©cient les contacts tactiles doux, caresses ou grattages. Lâhumain, associĂ© Ă des interactions positives, va ainsi prendre une valeur positive, ce qui permettra dâinstaurer un climat de confiance et pourra susciter des Ă©motions positives favorables au bien-ĂȘtre animal. Finalement, nous discutons de lâimportance de prendre en compte le comportement des porcs pour crĂ©er une bonne relation en Ă©levage, et de la prise en compte de lâimpact de la relation dans la formation et le conseil aux Ă©leveurs. Favoriser une bonne relation (sans peur et en confiance) sera bĂ©nĂ©fique non seulement pour le bien-ĂȘtre des porcs, mais aussi pour la sĂ©curitĂ© et la satisfaction au travail des Ă©leveurs
Neurobiology of eating behaviour: The pig model in behavioural neurosciences applied to human alimentation and health
The pig is an excellent model to study human eating behaviour and its neurobiological determinants. The pig is omnivorous and has a digestive system that closely resembles that of humans. Furthermore, the establishment of eating behaviour and food preferences in the pig follows the same rules and influences as those identified in humans. It is thus possible to observe similar behavioural responses related to food in both species, like for instance spontaneous attractions for certain basic flavours, or the development of preferences that have been conditioned or learned through individual experiences or signals perceived in the environment or transmitted by the mother. In addition, the brain of pigs and humans shares common developmental, anatomical and functional features, thus enabling precise explorations via the use of modern techniques of brain functional imaging. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development of food preferences or aversions have been described in the pig model, as well as some neurocognitive abnormalities associated with obesity or the chronic consumption of deleterious diets. Therefore, the pig can be used as a pertinent model to explore new therapies, such as vagus nerve stimulation or deep brain stimulation, to fight against obesity and eating disorders. The pig model thus offers many opportunities for exploratory and preclinical biomedical research in the field of food and nutritional neurosciences
La relation mĂšre-jeune chez les porcins : de la naissance au sevrage
LâĂ©levage intensif du porc impose des contraintes qui peuvent ĂȘtre nĂ©fastes Ă son bien-ĂȘtre. Chez le sanglier ou le porc domestique en conditions semi-naturelles, la femelle parturiente vit en groupe matriarcal et confectionne un nid destinĂ© Ă dissimuler et protĂ©ger les jeunes. Un lien sâĂ©tablit entre la truie et ses porcelets et la pĂ©riode dâallaitement dure au minimum 10 Ă 12 semaines. Les conduites dâĂ©levage actuelles ont fondamentalement modifiĂ© le mode de vie du porc. Les truies sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement placĂ©es en cases individuelles et ne peuvent confectionner un nid. Pendant toute la durĂ©e de lâallaitement, les contacts avec les porcelets sont rĂ©duits au minimum et initiĂ©s par ces derniers. Il existe nĂ©anmoins des Ă©changes vocaux et olfactifs facilitant la localisation des tĂ©tines et conduisant Ă une reconnaissance rĂ©ciproque mĂšre-jeunes, effective dans les 48 heures. Lâabsorption rapide de colostrum est essentielle pour la protection immunitaire et lâapport Ă©nergĂ©tique. Le rythme des allaitements est dâenviron 1 par heure pendant les premiĂšres semaines de lactation, avant de diminuer progressivement. Les porcelets dĂ©veloppent rapidement une grande fidĂ©litĂ© aux tĂ©tines, Ă lâissue de combats souvent intenses. Le lien mĂšre-jeunes nâest pas aussi sĂ©lectif que chez les ruminants et des adoptions sont facilement rĂ©alisables lorsque les porcelets sont ĂągĂ©s de moins de trois jours. UltĂ©rieurement, lâadoption de quelques porcelets devient difficile et ceux-ci tardent Ă sâengager Ă la tĂ©tĂ©e. Cependant, la substitution dâune portĂ©e entiĂšre est facilement acceptĂ©e par la truie, mĂȘme aprĂšs 3 semaines dâallaitement. Le sevrage, interdit en deçà de 4 semaines sauf dans les Ă©levages en bandes, est rĂ©alisĂ© Ă cet Ăąge dans la majoritĂ© des Ă©levages intensifs. Il peut ĂȘtre pratiquĂ© dĂšs que les porcelets sont ĂągĂ©s dâune semaine, mais uniquement si leur survie est en jeu. Les perturbations comportementales et zootechniques sont dâautant plus nĂ©gatives que le sevrage est prĂ©coce. La prise en compte du bien-ĂȘtre de lâanimal impose des prĂ©cautions visant Ă ne pas placer lâanimal dans une situation de peur ou dâanxiĂ©tĂ© et Ă lui permettre dâexprimer les comportements dits normaux de lâespĂšce.Modern production methods can induce negative consequences for pig welfare. In wild-pigs, as in domes,tic pigs reared in natural conditions, parturient females live in a matriarchal group and build a nest to protect their piglets. A selective bond is established between sows and piglets, and suckling continues for a minimum of 10 to 12 weeks. Present rearing conditions have largely modified the life of pigs. Generally, sows are kept in individual pens and can not build a nest. During the suckling period, contacts between the sows and piglets are reduced and only initiated by the young. However, vocal and olfactive exchanges help piglets localise the teats and induce a reciprocal recognition between mother and young during the first 48 hours post partum. The absorption of colostrum as soon as possible after birth is essential for immunity protection and nutrition. The rate of suckling is approximately once per hour during the first weeks of lactation, then it decreases progressively. During the first days post partum, piglets develop a preference for the teats after intensive rights. The attachment between mother and young is not as selective as in ruminating animals. Fostering of piglets is easy when they are less than three days old. Later, adoptive sows accept foreign piglets with difficulty and the young do not attempt to suck for the first hours, or even days. However, the substitution of an entire litter is easily accepted by the sow, even after 3 weeks of nursing. In most cases piglets am weaned at 4 weeks, Weaning before that time is not permitted in intensive breeding, unless health reasons require that the piglets be weaned when they are only one week old. Behavioural and zootechnical disturbances appear correlated with the precocity of weaning. In modern husbandry, the welfare of animals is respected and an attempt is made to avoid anxiety-producing situations and to permit normal behaviour of the species
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