A W-band electron nuclear double resonance study of single crystals of 14N and 15N azurin

We report pulsed Electron-Nuclear-DOuble-Resonance (ENDOR) experiments at 95 GHz and 1.2 K of single crystals of the blue-copper protein azurin and its fully N-15-enriched analogue. The nitrogen ENDOR spectra and their variation with the orientation of the magnetic field with respect to the crystals are described, and it is shown that contributions of five distant nitrogens may be distinguished. For the remote nitrogens of the copper ligands histidines-46 and -117 complete hyperfine and quadrupole tensors are presented and discussed in relation to the structure of the copper site and the extension of the wave function of the unpaired electron. Besides these nuclei three backbone nitrogens show up in the ENDOR spectra, and their hyperfine tensors are reported. One of the backbone nitrogens concerns that of cysteine-112; the others are tentatively assigned to histidine-46 and glycine-45. The wave function of the unpaired electron of oxidized azurin is found to be smeared out over both the copper ligands and parts of the protein backbone.Macromolecular BiochemistryBiological and Soft Matter Physic

Making sense of psychoanalysis in criminological theory and probation practice.

Recent developments in criminology have included a revival of interest in offenders' biographies and inner emotional experiences, and a stress on the importance of self-understanding for an understanding of crime. These approaches recall discussions of probation practice from the 1950s to the early 1970s, in which writers sought to make sense of the psychoanalytic emphasis of social work training. The article discusses the most striking of these efforts, by Clare Winnicott and William Jordan, and explores their relevance to current thinking and research on probation, in which the importance of the relationship between offender and supervising officer is once again receiving close attention