ПРО МОРСЬКУ МІФОЛОГІЮ І МОРСЬКІ ПОВІР'Я БАСКІВ. (ABOUT MARITIME MYTHOLOGY AND MARITIME BELIEFS OF of BASQUES.)

З найдавніших часів етнокультурна своєрідність приморських басків формує і характеризує рибальство, мореплавство та кораблебудування. Міфи, легенди й повір'я, які збереглися, пов'язані з морем і дозволяють більш глибоко зрозуміти світ баскських моряків та рибалок. (From the ancient times an ethnocultural identity of seaside Basques forms and characterizes fishery, navigation and shipbuilding. The kept maritime myths, legends and beliefs enable to understand more deeply the Basque maritime world.

Atmospheric Dissolved Iron Depostiion to the Global Oceans: Effects of Oxalate-Promoted Fe Dissolution, Photochemical Redox Cycling, and Dust Mineralogy

Mineral dust deposition is suggested to be a significant atmospheric supply pathway of bioavailable iron (Fe) to Fe-depleted surface oceans. In this study, mineral dust and dissolved Fe (Fed) deposition rates are predicted for March 2009 to February 2010 using the 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem implemented with a comprehensive dust-Fe dissolution scheme. The model simulates Fed production during the atmospheric transport of mineral dust taking into account inorganic and organic (oxalate)-promoted Fe dissolution processes, photochemical redox cycling between ferric (Fe(III)) and ferrous (Fe(II)) forms of Fe, dissolution of three different Fe-containing minerals (hematite, goethite, and aluminosilicates), and detailed mineralogy of windblown dust from the major desert regions. Our calculations suggest that during the yearlong simulation is approximately 0.26 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g) of Fed was deposited to global oceanic regions. Compared to simulations only taking into account proton-promoted Fe dissolution, the addition of oxalate to the dust-Fe mobilization scheme increased total annual model-predicted Fed deposition to global oceanic regions by approximately 75%. The implementation of Fe(II)/Fe(III) photochemical redox cycling in the model allows for the distinction between different oxidation states of deposited Fed. Our calculations suggest that during the daytime, large fractions of Fed deposited to the global oceans is likely to be in Fe(II) form, while nocturnal fluxes of Fed are largely in Fe(III) form. Model simulations also show that atmospheric fluxes of Fed can be strongly influenced by the mineralogy of Fe-containing compounds. This study shows that Fed deposition to the oceans is controlled by total dust-Fe mass concentrations, mineralogy, the surface area of dust particles, atmospheric chemical composition, cloud processing, and meteorological parameters and exhibits complex and spatiotemporally variable patterns. Our study suggests that the explicit model representation of individual processes leading to Fed production within mineral dust are needed to improve the understanding of the atmospheric Fe cycle, and quantify the effect of dust-Fe on ocean biological productivity, carbon cycle, and climate

The contribution of marine organics to the air quality of the western United States

The contribution of marine organic emissions to the air quality in coastal areas of the western United States is studied using the latest version of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regional-scale Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQv4.7) modeling system. Emissions of marine isoprene, monoterpenes, and primary organic matter (POM) from the ocean are implemented into the model to provide a comprehensive view of the connection between ocean biology and atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. Model simulations show that marine organics can increase the concentration of PM<sub>2.5</sub> by 0.1–0.3 μg m<sup>−3</sup> (up to 5%) in some coastal cities such as San Francisco, CA. This increase in the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration is primarily attributed to the POM emissions, with small contributions from the marine isoprene and monoterpenes. When marine organic emissions are included, organic carbon (OC) concentrations over the remote ocean are increased by up to 50% (25% in coastal areas), values consistent with recent observational findings. This study is the first to quantify the air quality impacts from marine POM and monoterpenes for the United States, and it highlights the need for inclusion of marine organic emissions in air quality models

Near-Infrared Stellar Populations in the metal-poor, Dwarf irregular Galaxies Sextans A and Leo A

We present JHK$_{s}$ observations of the metal-poor ([Fe/H] $<$ -1.40) Dwarf-irregular galaxies, Leo A and Sextans A obtained with the WIYN High-Resolution Infrared Camera at Kitt Peak. Their near-IR stellar populations are characterized by using a combination of colour-magnitude diagrams and by identifying long-period variable stars. We detected red giant and asymptotic giant branch stars, consistent with membership of the galaxy's intermediate-age populations (2-8 Gyr old). Matching our data to broadband optical and mid-IR photometry we determine luminosities, temperatures and dust-production rates (DPR) for each star. We identify 32 stars in Leo A and 101 stars in Sextans A with a DPR $>10^{-11}$ $M_\odot \,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, confirming that metal-poor stars can form substantial amounts of dust. We also find tentative evidence for oxygen-rich dust formation at low metallicity, contradicting previous models that suggest oxygen-rich dust production is inhibited in metal-poor environments. The total rates of dust injection into the interstellar medium of Leo A and Sextans A are (8.2 $\pm$ 1.8) $\times 10^{-9}$ $M_\odot \,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ and (6.2 $\pm$ 0.2) $\times 10^{-7}$ $M_\odot \,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, respectively. The majority of this dust is produced by a few very dusty evolved stars, and does not vary strongly with metallicity.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, 10 tables; accepted for publication in Ap

Проблеми продовольчої безпеки для країн, що розвиваються в умовах COVID-19: приклад Грузії

Introduction. Food security has not been a concern of any particular state and is a global problem for already a long time. It, as an economic category in the scientific literature, is considered from the position of ensuring the security of the global world problem, regions, individual countries, population groups and individual people. It is a multifaceted issue, closely linked to other security issues, and has a great impact on the national safety situation, which in turn is an economic, social and political category. COVID-19 has created a large-scale economic crisis. The pandemic has had a major impact on food security and the field of nutrition. The crisis has affected food systems and threatened public access to food, raising the issue of food self-sufficiency in countries.Aim and tasks. In order to assess food security, the paper examines the self-sufficiency coefficients of basic agro-food products in Georgia under the conditions of the World Pandemic, and evaluates its components: local production, import, export. In addition, local production trends have been analyzed, Results. Thus a study of the current state of the agro-food sector shows that the problem of providing the population with food is becoming more acute. The pace of development of the agro-food sector lags significantly behind the growth rates of other sectors of the economy. The current economic growth has not yet created the conditions for sustainable economic development: The level of supply of essential agro-food products is quite low, the number of jobs has not increased substantially, the level of income is low, poverty rates are still high and the food deficit is filled mainly with imported products.Conclusions. This study showed that the issue of the food security is still unresolved for Georgia. Despite the state support activities, the agro-food sector still needs assistance. We have developed recommendations, the consideration of which will significantly contribute to food supply of the markets and food supply to the population. Keywords: agro-food products, local production, food independence, self-sufficiency coefficients.Вступ. Продовольча безпека вже давно не є проблемою конкретної держави, вона являє собою глобальну проблему. Це багатоаспектний питання, тісно пов'язаний з іншими проблемами безпеки, який чинить серйозний вплив на національну безпекою, яка, в свою чергу, є економічною, соціальною та політичною категорією. COVID-19 викликав масштабну економічну кризу. Пандемія зробила серйозний вплив на продовольчу безпеку і положення в сфері харчування. Криза зачепила продовольчі системи і поставив під загрозу доступ населення до продовольства, а також на порядку денному постало питання про продовольчу самозабезпеченості країн. Мета і завдання. Метою статті є вивчення коефіцієнтів самозабезпеченості основними агропродовольчих товарами в Грузії в умовах світової пандемії з метою оцінки продовольчої безпеки, оцінки її таких компонентів, як: місцеве виробництво, імпорт, експорт. Аналіз тенденції місцевого виробництва, визначення взаємозв'язку між виробництвом агропродовольчих товарів і коефіцієнтами самозабезпеченості. Результати. Дослідження сучасного стану агропродовольчого сектору показало, що проблема забезпечення населення продуктами харчування стає все більш гострою. Темпи розвитку агропродовольчого сектору значно відстають від показників темпів зростання інших секторів економіки. Поточний економічне зростання ще не створив умов для стійкого економічного розвитку: рівень задоволеності необхідними агропродовольчих товарами досить низький, кількість робочих місць істотно не збільшилася, рівень доходів низький, рівень бідності все ще високий, а нестача продуктів харчування, в основному, заповнюється за рахунок імпортних продуктів. Висновки. Дане дослідження показало, що проблема продовольчої безпеки для Грузії досі не вирішена. Незважаючи на заходи активної державної підтримки, агропродовольчий сектор як і раніше потребує допомоги. Нами розроблені рекомендації, розгляд яких істотно посприяє продовольчого забезпечення ринків і продовольчого забезпечення населення

Interpreting the Ionization Sequence in Star-Forming Galaxy Emission-Line Spectra

High ionization star forming (SF) galaxies are easily identified with strong emission line techniques such as the BPT diagram, and form an obvious ionization sequence on such diagrams. We use a locally optimally emitting cloud model to fit emission line ratios that constrain the excitation mechanism, spectral energy distribution, abundances and physical conditions along the star-formation ionization sequence. Our analysis takes advantage of the identification of a sample of pure star-forming galaxies, to define the ionization sequence, via mean field independent component analysis. Previous work has suggested that the major parameter controlling the ionization level in SF galaxies is the metallicity. Here we show that the observed SF- sequence could alternatively be interpreted primarily as a sequence in the distribution of the ionizing flux incident on gas spread throughout a galaxy. Metallicity variations remain necessary to model the SF-sequence, however, our best models indicate that galaxies with the highest and lowest observed ionization levels (outside the range -0.37 < log [O III]/H\b{eta} < -0.09) require the variation of an additional physical parameter other than metallicity, which we determine to be the distribution of ionizing flux in the galaxy.Comment: 41 pages, 17 figures, 9 tables, accepted to MNRA

Understanding the Transport of Patagonian Dust and Its Influence on Marine Biological Activity in the South Atlantic Ocean

Modeling and remote sensing techniques were applied to examine the horizontal and vertical transport pathways of Patagonian dust and quantify the effect of soluble-iron- laden mineral dust deposition on marine primary productivity in the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) surface waters. The global chemistry transport model GEOS-Chem, implemented with an iron dissolution scheme, was applied to evaluate the atmospheric transport and deposition of mineral dust and bioavailable iron during two dust outbreaks originating in the source regions of Patagonia. In addition to this "rapidly released" iron, offline calculations were also carried out to estimate the amount of bioavailable iron leached during the residence time of dust in the ocean mixed layer. Model simulations showed that the horizontal and vertical transport pathways of Patagonian dust plumes were largely influenced by the synoptic meteorological patterns of high and low pressure systems. Model-predicted horizontal and vertical transport pathways of Patagonian dust over the SAO were in reasonable agreement with remotely-sensed data. Comparison between remotely-sensed and offline calculated ocean surface chlorophyll-a concentrations indicated that, for the two dust outbreaks examined in this study, the deposition of bioavailable iron in the SAO through atmospheric pathways was insignificant. As the two dust transport episodes examined here represent typical outflows of mineral dust from South American sources, our study suggests that the atmospheric deposition of mineral dust is unlikely to induce large scale marine primary productivity and carbon sequestration in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

A New Study of Sea Spray Optical Properties from Multi-Sensor Spaceborne Observations

Retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) satellite sensor require the assumption of an extinction-to-backscatter ratio, also known as the lidar ratio. This paper evaluates a new method to calculate lidar ratio of sea spray aerosol using two independent sources: the AOD from Synergized Optical Depth of Aerosols (SODA) and the integrated attenuated backscatter from CALIOP. The method applied in this study allows particulate lidar ratio to be calculated for individual CALIOP retrievals of single aerosol layer columns over the ocean. Analyses are carried out using CALIOP level 2, 5km sea spray aerosol layer products and collocated SODA nighttime data from December 2007 to December 2009. The global mean lidar ratio for sea spray aerosols was found to be 26 sr, roughly 30 higher than the one prescribed by CALIOP. Data analysis also showed considerable spatiotemporal variability in calculated lidar ratio over different parts of the remote oceans. The calculated aerosol lidar ratios are shown to be inversely related to the mean ocean surface wind speed: increase in ocean surface wind speed (U10) from 0 to 15 ms-1 reduces the mean lidar ratios for sea spray particles from 32 sr (for 0 U10 4 ms-1) to 22 sr (for U10 15 ms-1). Such changes in the lidar ratio are expected to have a corresponding effect on sea spray AOD. The outcomes of this study are relevant for future improvements of the SODA and CALIOP operational product and could lead to more accurate retrievals of sea spray AOD

ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ ВИДЫ СПОРТА И ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ БАСКОВ (The tradional sports and ethnic identity of Basques)

В настоящее время баскский национальный спорт развивается в рамках современной спортивной индустрии, оставаясь непременной составляющей традиционных празднеств и карнавалов. Он стоит в одном ряду с языком, танцами, одеждой, музыкой и другими формами выражения и является одним из символов этнической идентичности (Now national sports of Basques develop within the framework of the modern sports industry and at the same time remain as an indispensable component of traditional festivals and carnivals. It ranks with language, dances, clothes, music and other forms of expression and is one of symbols of ethnic identity