Life regenerate project: revitalizing multifunctional mediterranean agrosilvopastoral systems using dynamic and profitable operational practices (LIFE16ENV/ES/000276)

N/

BENTUK-BENTUK TINDAK PIDANA DAN PENERAPAN SANKSI PIDANA BAGI PEJABAT IMIGRASI MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 6 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG KEIMIGRASIAN

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk-bentuk tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh pejabat imigrasi berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 Tentang Keimigrasian dan bagaimana penerapan sanksi pidana terhadap pejabat imigrasi berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 Tentang Keimigrasian. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, disimpulkan: 1. Bentuk-bentuk perbuatan pidana yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 Tentang Keimigrasian yaitu: memberikan Dokumen Perjalanan atau memperpanjang dokumen keimigrasian kepada seseorang yang diketahuinya tidak berhak; membocorkan data Keimigrasian yang bersifat rahasia kepada pihak yang tidak berhak, tidak menjalankan prosedur operasi standar yang berlaku dalam proses pemeriksaan pemberangkatan atau kedatangan di Tempat Pemeriksaan Imigrasi yang mengakibatkan masuknya Orang Asing ke Wilayah Indonesia atau keluarnya orang dari Wilayah Indonesia; tidak menjalankan prosedur operasi standar penjagaan Deteni di Rumah Detensi Imigrasi atau Ruang Detensi Imigrasi yang mengakibatkan Deteni melarikan diri; tidak memasukkan data ke dalam Sistem Informasi Manajemen Keimigrasian. 2. Penerapan sanksi pidana bagi pejabat imigrasi menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 Tentang Keimigrasian dengan pidana penjara dan pidana kurungan; Pidana penjara diberlakukan paling lama pidana penjara paling lama 2 (dua) tahun dan 5 (lima) tahun;  pidana kurungan paling lama 6 (enam) bulan.Kata kunci: Bentuk-Bentuk Tindak Pidana, Penerapan Sanksi Pidana, Pejabat Imigrasi, Keimigrasia

Stochastic modelling of new phenomena in financial markets

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Business.The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has revealed a number of new phenomena in financial markets, to which stochastic models have to be adapted. This dissertation presents two new methodologies, one for modeling the “basis spread”, and the other for “rough volatility”. The former gained prominence during the GFC and continues to persist, while the latter has become increasingly evident since 2014. The dissertation commences with a study of the interest rate market. Since 2008, in this market we have observed “basis spreads” added to one side of the single-currency floating-for-floating swaps. The persistence of these spreads indicates that the market is pricing a risk that is not captured by existing models. These risks driving the spreads are closely related to the risks affecting the funding of banks participating in benchmark interest rate panels, specifically “roll-over” risk, this being the risk of not being able to refinance borrowing at the benchmark interest rate. We explicitly model funding liquidity and credit risk, as these are the two components of roll-over risk, developing first a model framework and then considering a specific instance of this framework based on affine term structure models. Subsequently, another specific instance of the model of roll-over risk is constructed sing polynomial processes. Instead of pricing options through closed-form expressions for conditional moments with respect to observed process, the price of a zero-coupon bond is expressed as a polynomial of a finite degree in the sense of Cheng & Tehranchi (2015). A formula for discrete-tenor benchmark interest rates (e.g., LIBOR) under roll-over risk is constructed, which depends on the quotient of polynomial processes. It is shown how such a model can be calibrated to market data for the discount factor bootstrapped from the overnight index swap (OIS) rate curve. This is followed by a chapter in which a numerical method for the valuation of financial derivatives with a two-dimensional underlying risk is considered, in particular as applied to the problem of pricing spread options. As is common, analytically closed-form solutions for pricing these payoffs are unavailable, and numerical pricing methods turn out to be non-trivial. We price spread options in a model where asset prices are driven by a multivariate normal inverse Gaussian (NIG) process. We consider a pricing problem in the fixed-income market, specifically, on cross-currency interest rate spreads and on LIBOR-OIS spreads. The final contribution in this dissertation tackles regime switching in a rough-volatility Heston model, which incorporates two important features. The regime switching is motivated by fundamental economic changes, and a Markov chain to model the switches in the long-term mean of the volatility is proposed. The rough behaviour is a more local property and is motivated by the stylized fact that volatility is less regular than a standard Brownian motion. The instantaneous volatility process is endowed with a kernel that induces rough behaviour in the model. Pricing formulae are derived and implemented for call and put options using the Fourier-inversion formula of Gil-Pelaez (1951)

Interactive plant-trait and climate effects on litter decomposition along the Chilean coastal range

Litter decomposition is the breakdown of dead organic matter along with the transformation and liberation of its components as inorganic forms. This process is of high importance in ecosystem ecology, as it determines the available resources to below and aboveground communities, as well as nutrient and carbon dynamics and soil formation. Climate, vegetation (via litter traits) and decomposers are the main drivers of litter decomposition. However, these factors interact with each other, which makes the evaluation of their relative importance for decomposition a difficult task. For example, climate controls have both direct (e.g. via moisture and temperature) and indirect (via changes in species abundance, composition and litter traits) influences. Studies along natural gradients and litter transplant experiments can help to disentangle these effects. In this doctoral research, I particularly studied the role of climate and litter traits in litter decomposition across a large climatic gradient in the Chilean coastal range, by using different litterbag experiments and litter from species with a high variation of functional traits (i.e. litter quality). In the first study, I tested whether soil decomposers are “adapted” to local litter types and thus, these decompose faster compared to the decomposition of non-local litter with similar quality. Under the assumptions of this so-called “home-field advantage” (HFA) hypothesis, I tested whether this adaptation occurs and differs across a wide range of ecosystems, where litter input and microbial specialization may vary. I used a reciprocal litter translocation experiment with 20 species of different litter quality among four different study sites distributed along the Chilean costal range. In addition to mass loss, I used the loss ratios of decomposable and leachable fractions of litter (relative N/K and P/K loss) to understand the specific contribution of decomposers to decomposition and to avoid confounding climatic effects. The results showed no support for the HFA hypothesis in any ecosystem, since the mass and nutrient loss ranking of litter species was consistent along the climatic gradient, i.e. in every site, litter from the arid sites always decomposed the fastest, and litter from the mediterranean and temperate sites decomposed the slowest. These results supports the hypothesis that, in the studied ecosystems, litter quality drives decomposer activity independently of litter origin, and that the decomposer community can probably quickly adjust when foreign litter enters their ecosystem. In the second study, I unraveled the relative importance of litter quality and microclimate (soil moisture and temperature) for litter decomposition, and identified how their effects varied along the decomposition process. By using a reciprocal litter translocation experiment along the climatic gradient in Chile, I followed the decomposition of 30 species with a wide spectrum of functional traits for two years. Litter traits had a strong impact on litter decomposition across the gradient, while an increase in decomposition with soil moisture was observed only in the wettest climates. Overall, litter traits drove decomposition in the first year of decomposition after which soil moisture increased considerably in importance. Moreover, statistical analyses of subsets of the 30 species showed that litter trait effects on litter decomposition gain in importance when the variation in trait values was larger. Thus, the relative effects of litter traits and climate on decomposition depend on the ranges in climate and litter traits considered in the study, and also change with time. In the last study, I evaluated the role of diversity (species number and functional dispersion, FDis) on litter mixture decomposition across ecosystems. I used FDis values based on litter traits related to nutrient transfer among litters or litter recalcitrance, two mechanisms that could explain litter mixture effects. I found only a small number of significant mixture effects on decomposition (both positive and negative) along the climatic gradient, which occurred more often in the most arid sites. These mixture effects were independent of the number of species in the litter mixtures at all sites, but were stronger with increasing FDis at the two most arid sites. At these sites, FDis based on litter traits related to nutrient content correlated with positive mixture effects on decomposition, whereas traits related to inhibitory secondary compounds correlated with negative mixture effects. Overall, this study indicates that mixture effects on decomposition are rather rare across the climatic gradient. However, it suggests that a mechanistic approach to functional diversity metrics could help to further understand under which conditions and in which direction diversity influences decomposition. Altogether, this thesis highlights the importance of litter traits in litter decomposition: this factor not only drives the affinity of decomposers and determines species rankings in decomposability, but can also exert additional controls via functional diversity. I demonstrated that the study of a broad range of litter traits and litter species is decisive to correctly predict the relative importance of litter quality on decomposition, and likely controls the occurrence of litter mixture effects. Similarly, the use of a large climatic range allows to detect critical differences among ecosystems. These results are of particular importance to correctly predict litter decomposition feedbacks on climate and highlight the importance of studies including representative ranges in climate and vegetation. Of particular interest are the underrepresented ecosystems, such as arid and semi-arid areas. In these ecosystems, I showed that litter quality can strongly drive decomposition and litter mixture effects, in contrast to the results from mediterranean and temperate forests. The importance of litter quality, highlighted in all three studies, opens a frame for new research focusing in the understanding of human-driven changes in the functional composition of vegetation for decomposition and thus, for carbon and nutrient cycling

Essays on financial economics

This dissertation explores the role of information frictions in the design of financial securities, the pricing of securities, and their business cycle implications. The first essay studies the risk- shifting problem between bondholders and shareholders, and the moral hazard problem between shareholders and the manager. Although, these two problems have been studied separately, my model is the first tractable frame-work to study these two frictions jointly. Using my model, I explore: i) How the presence of managerial moral hazard affects the risk-shifting problem, and ii) How optimal policies of the firm change in terms of leverage, managerial compensation, and investment decisions when the two problems are considered jointly. I show that the optimal amount of risk-shifting is amplified in the presence of managerial moral hazard. Moreover, my model delivers a non-monotonic relation between risk-shifting and leverage. This non-monotonicity has the potential to reconcile seemingly contradictory empirical evidence on the sign of this relation. The second essay (coauthored with Jianjun Miao) studies the design of an optimal contract for the manager when the shareholders are concerned about model misspecification. The model delivers counter-cyclical firm level equity premium, and has interesting implications for security design. The third essay incorporates accounting practices into models that generate business cycles through borrowing constraints. I show that the interaction of accounting frictions with the borrowing constraint has implications for the persistence and amplification of macroeconomic shocks

Gross output and livestock sales modelling in Spanish extensive farms using PLSR

The aim of this paper is to model some production variables in extensive livestock farms located in the dehesa ecosystem. We intend to use not only purely economic variables in the construction of the model, but also structural variables in order to identify the characteristics of the farms that have the higher influence. Another objective is to be able to predict these variables at the farm level, using structural variables that are easy to measure. The data used in this work were obtained from a questionnaire survey to the holders/managers of a sample of 69 dehesa farms in Extremadura (SW Spain). The statistical methodology used for the construction of the model was Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). It can be concluded that the variables relative to farm intensification, to labour and especially to Iberian pig breeding, are those that take part mainly in the model.dehesa, livestock farming systems, partial least square regression, gross output, Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

Magnetic response properties of carbon nano-onions

The magnetic response of a number of double- and triple-layer carbon nano-onions (CNOs) is analyzed by calculating the magnetically induced current density and the induced magnetic field using the pseudo-pi model. Qualitatively the same magnetic response was obtained in calculations at the all-electron level. The calculations show that the CNOs exhibit strong net diatropic (paratropic) ring currents when the external magnetic field points perpendicularly to one of the six-membered (five-membered) rings. They are deshielded inside and shielded outside the CNO; the latter dominates for larger CNOs. The magnetic response originates from a combination of spherical paratropic current densities on the inside of each carbon layer and diatropic current densities on the outside of them. The quantitative differences in the aromaticity of the CNOs as compared to single fullerenes are discussed in terms of ring-current strengths. The magnetic response of some of the CNOs is approximately the sum of the magnetic response of the individual layers, whereas deviations are significant for CNOs containing C-80. For the largest CNOs, the deviation from the sum of the fullerene contributions is larger, especially when the external magnetic field is perpendicular to a six-membered ring.Peer reviewe

The Magnetic Response of Starphenes (dagger)

The aromaticity of [n]starphenes (n = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16), as well as starphene-based [19]dendriphene, is addressed by calculating the magnetically induced current density and the induced magnetic field, using the pseudo-pi model. When an external magnetic field is applied, these systems create diatropic currents that split into a global peripheral current surrounding the starphene skeleton and several local currents in the acene-based arms, resulting in large shielding cones above the arms. In particular, the arm currents are smaller than their linear analogs, and in general, the strengths of the ring currents tend to weaken as the starphene get larger.Peer reviewe

Risk Management on Territorial Planning Galeras Volcano Case, Colombia.

Concerning the latent issue originated by the reactivation of Galeras Volcano (Colombia), that endangers more than 500.000 inhabitants, and considering the need to contribute with some theoretical and methodological arguments. This research was developed in order to provide a clear picture of the generalities of the variables that intervene in the risk management of volcanic risk, so that, a qualitative research can reflect on its particularities understanding how they can modify its entirety, and then make concrete proposals for territorial planning. A matrix of the most important variables that intervene on risk management is proposed, considering issues such as inclusion on territorial planning where the set of interrelationships, the role of each actor can be understood as well as how the use of a specific variable in the whole chain can be reactivated both in positive and negative ways. The matrix is explained by concrete experiences of the application of risk management in the Galeras Volcano cas