Towards Ruthenium(II)‐Rhenium(I) Binuclear Complexes as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy

The search for new metal‐based photosensitizers (PSs) for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a fast‐developing field of research. Knowing that polymetallic complexes bear a high potential as PDT PSs, in this study, we aimed at combining the known photophysical properties of a rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complex and a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex to prepare a ruthenium‐rhenium binuclear complex that could act as a PS for anticancer PDT. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of such a system and discuss its stability in aqueous solution. In addition, one of our complexes prepared, which localized in mitochondria, was found to have some degree of selectivity towards two types of cancerous cells: human lung carcinoma A549 and human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29, with interesting photo‐index (PI) values of 135.1 and 256.4, respectively, compared to noncancerous retinal pigment epithelium RPE1 cells (22.4)

Study of the role of PRDM16 in the activation of stellar liver cells

Les stéatopathies métaboliques (NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases) sont des pathologies étroitement associées au diabète de type 2 et à l'obésité. Elles couvrent un spectre de maladies hépatiques s'étendant de la stéatose à la cirrhose. Une des étapes charnières dans l'évolution des NAFLD est l'activation des cellules hépatiques stellaires (CHS) qui sont à l'origine de la fibrogenèse hépatique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons identifié le facteur de transcription PRDM16 comme acteur clé de la fibrogenèse. En effet, nos résultats montrent que PRDM16 est induit dans le foie au cours de la fibrose hépatique chez l'Homme et dans différents modèles murins. Cette augmentation de l'expression de PRDM16 est spécifique aux CHS. Des expériences d'invalidation de Prdm16 dans les CHS démontrent que PRDM16 est nécessaire à l'expression basale et stimulé par TGF-b1 de Col-1a1 et Col-3a1. Cette action de PRDM16 s'explique en partie par sa capacité d'interaction avec SMAD3. Enfin, nous avons également démontré que PRDM16 joue un rôle dans l'activation des CHS car l'invalidation de Prdm16 entraîne la diminution de l'expression d'aSma et l'augmentation de l'expression de Srebp-1c. Cependant les mécanismes par lesquels PRDM16 contrôle l'activation des CHS reste à identifier et feront l'objet des prochaines études.NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases) are closely linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity and are becoming the first cause in liver chronic diseases around the world. One of the key step in NAFLD progression is the fibrogenesis characterized by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation. In this context, we identified PRDM16 as a key factor in this activation. Our first prospective study revealed a correlation between fibrosis score and Prdm16 expression in human biopsies and in murine model of fibrosis. Prdm16 expression is also positively correlated in HSC with the activation state. Our results on Prdm16 invalidation in HSC highlight a role for PRDM16 in the increase expression of Col-11 and Col-31 during HSC activation in part by the binding of PRDM16 to SMAD3. Prdm16 invalidation in HSC also leads to a decrease Sma expression and an increase Srebp-1c expression, showing that PRDM16 control HSC activation through other mechanisms which will be the subject of our next studies

Red-Light-Responsive Polypeptoid Nanoassemblies Containing a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex with Synergistically Enhanced Drug Release and ROS Generation for Anticancer Phototherapy

International audiencePolymer micelles/vesicles made of a red-light-responsive Ru(II)-containing block copolymer (PolyRu) are elaborated as a model system for anticancer phototherapy. PolyRu is composed of PEG and a hydrophobic polypeptoid bearing thioether side chains, 40% of which are coordinated with [Ru(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)(2,2′-biquinoline)](PF6)2 via the Ru–S bond, resulting in a 67 wt % Ru complex loading capacity. Red-light illumination induces the photocleavage of the Ru–S bond and produces [Ru(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)(2,2′-biquinoline)(H2O)](PF6)2. Meanwhile, ROS are generated under the photosensitization of the Ru complex and oxidize hydrophobic thioether to hydrophilic sulfoxide, causing the disruption of micelles/vesicles. During the disruption, ROS generation and Ru complex release are synergistically enhanced. PolyRu micelles/vesicles are taken up by cancer cells while they exhibit very low cytotoxicity in the dark. In contrast, they show much higher cytotoxicity under red-light irradiation. PolyRu micelles/vesicles are promising nanoassembly prototypes that protect metallodrugs in the dark but exhibit light-activated anticancer effects with spatiotemporal control for photoactivated chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy

Human Dermal Fibroblast: A Promising Cellular Model to Study Biological Mechanisms of Major Depression and Antidepressant Drug Response

Background: Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) can be used as a cellular model relatively easily and without genetic engineering. Therefore, HDF represent an interesting tool to study several human diseases including psychiatric disorders. Despite major depressive disorder (MDD) being the second cause of disability in the world, the efficacy of antidepressant drug (AD) treatment is not sufficient and the underlying mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms of action of AD are poorly understood. Objective: The aim of this review is to highlight the potential of HDF in the study of cellular mechanisms involved in MDD pathophysiology and in the action of AD response. Methods: The first part is a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines on the use of HDF in MDD research. The second part reports the mechanisms and molecules both present in HDF and relevant regarding MDD pathophysiology and AD mechanisms of action. Results: HDFs from MDD patients have been investigated in a relatively small number of works and most of them focused on the adrenergic pathway and metabolism-related gene expression as compared to HDF from healthy controls. The second part listed an important number of papers demonstrating the presence of many molecular processes in HDF, involved in MDD and AD mechanisms of action. Conclusion: The imbalance in the number of papers between the two parts highlights the great and still underused potential of HDF, which stands out as a very promising tool in our understanding of MDD and AD mechanisms of action

Ru(II)‐Cyanine Complexes as Promising Photodynamic Photosensitizers for the Treatment of Hypoxic Tumours with Highly Penetrating 770 nm Near‐Infrared Light

International audienceLight‐activated treatments, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), provide temporal and spatial control over a specific cytotoxic response by exploiting toxicity differences between irradiated and dark conditions. In this work, a novel strategy for developing near infrared (NIR)‐activatable Ru(II) polypyridyl‐based photosensitizers (PSs) was successfully developed through the incorporation of symmetric heptamethine cyanine dyes in the metal complex via a phenanthrimidazole ligand. Owing to their strong absorption in the NIR region, the PSs could be efficiently photoactivated with highly penetrating NIR light (770 nm), leading to high photocytotoxicities towards several cancer cell lines under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Notably, our lead PS (Ru‐Cyn‐1), which accumulated in the mitochondria, exhibited a good photocytotoxic activity under challenging low‐oxygen concentration (2% O2) upon NIR light irradiation conditions (770 nm), owing to a combination of types I and II PDT mechanism. The fact that the PS Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), the metabolite of the clinically approved 5‐ALA PS, was found inactive under the same challenging conditions positions Ru‐Cyn‐1 complex as a promising PDT agent for the treatment of deep‐seated hypoxic tumours

Increasing the π-expansive ligands in ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation for photodynamic therapy applications

Lack of selectivity is one of the main issues with currently used chemotherapies, causing damage not only to altered cells but also to healthy cells. Over the last decades, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has increased as a promising therapeutic tool due to its potential to treat diseases like cancer or bacterial infections with a high spatiotemporal control. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl compounds are gaining attention for their application as photosensitizers (PSs) since they are generally nontoxic in dark conditions, while they show remarkable toxicity after light irradiation. In this work, four Ru(II) polypyridyl compounds with sterically expansive ligands were studied as PDT agents. The Ru(II) complexes were synthesized using an alternative route to those described in the literature, which resulted in an improvement of the synthesis yields. Solid-state structures of compounds [Ru(DIP)2phen]Cl2 and [Ru(dppz)2phen](PF6)2 have also been obtained. It is well-known that compound [Ru(dppz)(phen)2]Cl2 binds to DNA by intercalation. Therefore, we used [Ru(dppz)2phen]Cl2 as a model for DNA interaction studies, showing that it stabilized two different sequences of duplex DNA. Most of the synthesized Ru(II) derivatives showed very promising singlet oxygen quantum yields, together with noteworthy photocytotoxic properties against two different cancer cell lines, with IC50 in the micro- or even nanomolar range (0.06–7 μM). Confocal microscopy studies showed that [Ru(DIP)2phen]Cl2 and [Ru(DIP)2TAP]Cl2 accumulate preferentially in mitochondria, while no mitochondrial internalization was observed for the other compounds. Although [Ru(dppn)2phen](PF6)2 did not accumulate in mitochondria, it interestingly triggered an impairment in mitochondrial respiration after light irradiation. Among others, [Ru(dppn)2phen](PF6)2 stands out for its very good IC50 values, correlated with a very high singlet oxygen quantum yield and mitochondrial respiration disruption