5,518 research outputs found
How linear features alter predator movement and the functional\ud response
In areas of oil and gas exploration, seismic lines have been reported to alter the movement patterns of wolves (Canis lupus). We developed a mechanistic first passage time model, based on an anisotropic elliptic partial differential equation, and used this to explore how wolf movement responses to seismic lines influence the encounter rate of the wolves with their prey. The model was parametrized using 5 min GPS location data. These data showed that wolves travelled faster on seismic lines and had a higher probability of staying on a seismic line once they were on it. We simulated wolf movement on a range of seismic line densities and drew implications for the rate of predator–prey interactions as described by the functional response. The functional response exhibited a more than linear increase with respect to prey density (type III) as well as interactions with seismic line density. Encounter rates were significantly higher in landscapes with high seismic line density and were most pronounced at low prey densities. This suggests that prey at low population densities are at higher risk in environments with a high seismic line density unless they learn to avoid them
A Method for Reducing the Severity of Epidemics by Allocating Vaccines According to Centrality
One long-standing question in epidemiological research is how best to
allocate limited amounts of vaccine or similar preventative measures in order
to minimize the severity of an epidemic. Much of the literature on the problem
of vaccine allocation has focused on influenza epidemics and used mathematical
models of epidemic spread to determine the effectiveness of proposed methods.
Our work applies computational models of epidemics to the problem of
geographically allocating a limited number of vaccines within several Texas
counties. We developed a graph-based, stochastic model for epidemics that is
based on the SEIR model, and tested vaccine allocation methods based on
multiple centrality measures. This approach provides an alternative method for
addressing the vaccine allocation problem, which can be combined with more
conventional approaches to yield more effective epidemic suppression
strategies. We found that allocation methods based on in-degree and inverse
betweenness centralities tended to be the most effective at containing
epidemics.Comment: 10 pages, accepted to ACM BCB 201
HYTESS: A hypothetical turbofan engine simplified simulation
A users manual for a hypothetical turbofan engine simplified simulation is presented. This digital simulation exists as FORTRAN source code. The program is self-contained and was developed to offer those interested in engine dynamics and controls research an efficient, realistic, and easily used engine simulation. The engine is modeled using a state space formulation. Matrix elements within the linear state space structure are nonlinear functions of various engine variables
The non-linear transient behavior of second, third and fourth order phase-locked loops
Non-linear transient behavior of second, third, and fourth order phase-locked loop
Multi-qubit compensation sequences
The Hamiltonian control of n qubits requires precision control of both the
strength and timing of interactions. Compensation pulses relax the precision
requirements by reducing unknown but systematic errors. Using composite pulse
techniques designed for single qubits, we show that systematic errors for n
qubit systems can be corrected to arbitrary accuracy given either two
non-commuting control Hamiltonians with identical systematic errors or one
error-free control Hamiltonian. We also examine composite pulses in the context
of quantum computers controlled by two-qubit interactions. For quantum
computers based on the XY interaction, single-qubit composite pulse sequences
naturally correct systematic errors. For quantum computers based on the
Heisenberg or exchange interaction, the composite pulse sequences reduce the
logical single-qubit gate errors but increase the errors for logical two-qubit
gates.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures; corrected reference formattin
On the Asymmetries of Extended X-ray Emission from Planetary Nebulae
Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) images have revealed that the X-ray emitting
regions of the molecule-rich young planetary nebulae (PNs) BD+30 3639 (BD+30)
and NGC 7027 are much more asymmetric than their optical nebulosities. To
evaluate the potential origins of these X-ray asymmetries, we analyze X-ray
images of BD+30, NGC 7027, and another planetary nebula resolved by CXO, NGC
6543, within specific energy bands. Image resolution has been optimized by
sub-pixel repositioning of individual X-ray events. The resulting
subarcsecond-resolution images reveal that the soft (E < 0.7 keV) X-ray
emission from BD+30 is more uniform than the harder emission, which is largely
confined to the eastern rim of the optical nebula. In contrast, soft X-rays
from NGC 7027 are highly localized and this PN is more axially symmetric in
harder emission. The broad-band X-ray morphologies of BD+30 and NGC 7027 are
highly anticorrelated with their distributions of visual extinction, as
determined from high-resolution, space- and ground-based optical and infrared
imaging. Hence, it is likely that the observed X-ray asymmetries of these
nebulae are due in large part to the effects of nonuniform intranebular
extinction. However, the energy-dependent X-ray structures in both nebulae and
in NGC 6543 -- which is by far the least dusty and molecule-rich of the three
PNs, and displays very uniform intranebular extinction -- suggests that other
mechanisms, such as the action of collimated outflows and heat conduction, are
also important in determining the detailed X-ray morphologies of young
planetary nebulae.Comment: 33 pages, 12 figures; to appear in the Astrophysical Journa
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