Aportación al conocimiento de los melojares relictos de Quercus pyrenaica de la Sierra de Espadán (Castellón, España)

[EN] The Espadán Mountains are one of the rare siliceous outcrops of the Valencian Community. In the most humid microclimatic locations, relict fragmented forests of Quercus pyrenaica Willd. develop. In the present work, the vegetation of these forests and their edges is studied and their floristic peculiarities are highlighted.[ES] La Sierra de Espadán es uno de los escasos afloramientos silíceos de la Comunidad Valenciana. En las situaciones microclimáticas más húmedas se desarrollan masas fragmentadas relictas de melojo (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.). En el presente trabajo se estudia la vegetación de estas masas y sus orlas y se destaca sus particularidades florísticas.Merle Farinós, HB.; Ferriol Molina, M. (2008). Aportación al conocimiento de los melojares relictos de Quercus pyrenaica de la Sierra de Espadán (Castellón, España). Lazaroa. 29:125-128. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/91886S1251282

Los componentes alfa, beta y gamma de la biodiversidad. Aplicación al estudio de comunidades vegetales

En este artículo docente se explican los conceptos de alfa- beta y gamma- diversidad en el contexto del estudio de las comunidades vegetales de un paisaje o de una zona geográfica determinada. Además, se dan unas pautas para estimar cada uno de estos componentes a partir de índices de biodiversidad.Ferriol Molina, M.; Merle Farinós, HB. (2012). Los componentes alfa, beta y gamma de la biodiversidad. Aplicación al estudio de comunidades vegetales. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1628

El Inventario Fitosociológico

En este artículo se explica que es un inventario fitosociológico, cómo se realiza el inventario fitosociológico en campo, y cómo se puede trabajar con los inventarios fitosociológicos para realizar estudios de vegetación.Merle Farinós, HB.; Ferriol Molina, M. (2012). El Inventario Fitosociológico. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1681

Vegetation change over a period of 46 years in a Mediterranean mountain massif (Penyagolosa, Spain)

[EN] Questions The Mediterranean mountain massifs are biodiversity hotspots threatened by climate change and land use transformations, among other factors. Did vegetation composition and alpha- and beta-diversities change in mid- and high-elevation Mediterranean ecosystems over the last 46 years? Can these changes be explained by climate change or land use? Location Medium and high altitudes of the Penyagolosa Massif, Castellon, Eastern Spain. Methods In 2014, we resurveyed 92 vegetation plots sampled in 1968, belonging to nine plant communities distributed on basic and acid soils. We performed estimates of alpha- and beta-diversity, multidimensional ordination of species composition, ecological characterisation of species and non-parametric tests to identify vegetation change over time. Results We observed different patterns of vegetation change depending on the plant community; an increase in alpha-diversity, especially in high-altitude habitats, and a homogenisation of species composition among plant communities. Seral communities and forests increased particularly in locations on basic soils that used to be occupied by pastures and communities of degraded successional stages. Higher Ellenberg indicator values of temperature and light, and loss of temperate taxa, which are usually rare in the region, were found in the climax forest of high altitudes and some acidophilous communities. However, altitudinal shifts of species distributions were detected only in 14% of plant species, both upwards and downwards. An increase of nitrophily at medium altitudes was also observed. Conclusions The results suggested that land use change related with abandonment of agro-sylvo-pastoral systems was the major driving force of vegetation dynamics in most of the seral plant communities, while thermophilisation was more evident in the high-altitude climax forest.Merle Farinós, HB.; Garmendia, A.; Hernández, H.; Ferriol Molina, M. (2020). Vegetation change over a period of 46 years in a Mediterranean mountain massif (Penyagolosa, Spain). Applied Vegetation Science. 23(4):495-507. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12507S495507234Aguillaume, L., Rodrigo, A., & Avila, A. (2016). Long-term effects of changing atmospheric pollution on throughfall, bulk deposition and streamwaters in a Mediterranean forest. Science of The Total Environment, 544, 919-928. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.017Anderson, M. J. (2005). Distance-Based Tests for Homogeneity of Multivariate Dispersions. Biometrics, 62(1), 245-253. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00440.xAnderson, M. J., Ellingsen, K. 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Effect of freezing conservation time on loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) pollen germination

[EN] Aim of study: Several studies point out that storage at -20 ºC is a suitable method for preserving pollen of many species in the long term. Part of those studies indicate the total storage time at which these conditions are optimal. However, we have found a lack of information about the freezing time conditions and incubation temperature of loquat pollen. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the -20 ºC conservation temperature on loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) pollen. Area of study: The study was conducted in Montserrat (Valencia, Spain). Material and methods: Loquat flowers were collected in November 2017 and stored at -20 ºC for three time periods: 4 (T1), 6 (T2) and 8 (T3) months. Subsequently, pollen grains were incubated at different temperatures for 72 h. We analyzed (i) the effect of freezing conservation time; (ii) the effect of incubation temperature on germination; (iii) the interaction between these two factors. Main results: T1 showed higher germination percentage and tube length values (mean and maximum) than T2 and T3. The highest germination percentage (52.77%) was detected for T1 at an incubation temperature of 25 ºC. The interaction between freezing time and incubation temperature showed more consistent results for T1 than for T2 and T3. Research highlights: This suggests that storing at -20 ºC for more than 4 months affects pollen grain and reduces germination and pollen growth. Therefore, -20 ºC loquat pollen storage should not exceed 4 months.Asociacion Club de Variedades Vegetales Protegidas, as a part of a project undertaken with the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia UPV-20190822.Beltrán, R.; Cebrián, N.; Zornoza, C.; Garmendia, A.; Merle Farinós, HB. (2020). Effect of freezing conservation time on loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) pollen germination. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 18(3):1-10. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020183-16626S110183Acar I, Kakani VG, 2010. 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Male-female interaction and temperature variation affect pollen performance in Citrus. Sci Hort 140: 1-7.Egea J, Burgos L, Zoroa N, Egea L, 1992. Influence of temperature on the in vitro germination of pollen of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). J Hortic Sci 67 (2): 247-250.Freihat NM, Al-Ghzawi AAM, Zaitoun S, Alqudah A, 2008. Fruit set and quality of loquats (Eriobotrya japonica) as effected by pollinations under sub-humid Mediterranean. Sci Hort 117 (1): 58-62.Germanà MA, Chiancone B, Guarda NL, Testillano PS, Risueño MC, 2006. Development of multicellular pollen of Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. through anther culture. Plant Sci 171 (6): 718-725.Hedhly A, Hormaza JI, Herrero M, 2004. Effect of temperature on pollen tube kinetics and dynamics in sweet cherry Prunus avium (Rosaceae). Am J Bot 91 (4): 558-564.Hedhly A, Hormaza JI, Herrero M, 2005. The effect of temperature on pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and stigmatic receptivity in peach. Plant Biol 7: 476-483.Kakani VG, Prasad PVV, Craufurd PQ, Wheeler TR, 2002. Response of in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes to temperature. Plant Cell Environ 25 (12): 1651-1661.Kakani VG, Reddy KR, Koti S, Wallace TP, Prasad PVV, Reddy VR, Zhao D, 2005. Differences in in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth of cotton cultivars in response to high temperature. Ann Bot 96 (1): 59-67.Khan SA, Perveen A, 2006. Germination capacity of stored pollen of Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) and their maintenance. Pak J Bot 38 (4): 917-920.Khan SA, Perveen A, 2010. In vitro pollen germination capacity of Citrullus lanatus L. (Cucurbitaceae). Pak J Bot 42: 681-684.Khan SA, Perveen A, 2011. Pollen germination capacity and viability in Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley (Cucurbitaceae). Pak J Bot 43 (2): 827-830.Khan SA, Perveen A, 2014. In vitro pollen germination of five citrus species. Pak J Bot 46 (3): 951-956.Köppen W, Geiger R, 1936. Das Geographische System der Klimate. Borntraeger Science Publishers. BerlinMendiburu F, 2019. Agricolae: Statistical procedures for agricultural research. R package version 1.3-0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=agricolae.Mesejo C, Martínez-Fuentes A, Reig C, Rivas F, Agustí M, 2006. The inhibitory effect of CuSO4 on Citrus pollen tuve growth and its application for the production of seedless fruit. Plant Sci 170: 37-43.Perveen A, Khan SA, 2008. Maintenance of pollen germination capacity of Malus pumila L. (Rosaceae). Pak J Bot 40 (3): 963-966.Pirlak L, 2002. The effects of temperature on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of apricot and sweet cherry. Gartenbauwissenschaft 67 (2): 61-64.Qin Y, Qun-Xian D, Yong-Qing W, Lu L, Yan F, Ying-Hong L, Lian T, Shi-Feng L, 2008. Study on characteristics of in situ pollen germination and pollen tube growth of loquat. Plant Sci Res 1 (3): 50-55.R Core Team, 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.RStudio Team, 2016. RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA, USA. http://www.rstudio.com/Reddy KR, Kakani VG, 2007. Screening Capsicum species of different origins for high temperature tolerance by in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length. Sci Hort 112 (2): 130-135.Reig C, Mesejo C, Martínez-Fuentes A, Agustí M. 2014. Naphthaleneacetic acid impairs ovule fertilization and early embryo development in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). Sci Hort 165: 246-251.Sanzol J, Herrero M, 2001. The "effective pollination period" in fruit trees. Sci Hort 90: 1-17.Seyrek UA, Qu X, Huang C, Tao J, Zhong M, Wu H, Xu X, 2016. Influence of storage time on pollen traits in Actinidia eriantha. Agric Sci 7 (6): 373.Sharafi Y, 2011. In vitro pollen germination in stone fruit tree of Rosaceae family. 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Effect of temperature on pollen germination, pollen tube growth, effective pollination period, and fruit set of pear. Hortscience 20: 733-735.Weinbaum SA, Parfitt DE, Polito VS, 1984. Differential cold sensitivity of pollen grain germination in two Prunus species. Euphytica 33: 419-426.Yang Q, Fu Y, Wang YQ, Deng QX, Tao L, Yan J, Luo N, 2011. Effects of simulated rain on pollen-stigma adhesion and fertilisation in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). J Hortic Sci Biotech 86 (3): 221-224.Yang Q, Wang YQ, Fu Y, Deng QX, Tao L, 2012. Effects of biological factors on fruit and seed set in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). Afr J Agr Res 7 (38): 5303-5311

Una nueva combinación y cambio de rango para un híbrido marroquí en Centaurea (Asteraceae).

[ES] Se propone una nueva combinación y cambio de rango para el híbrido marroquí descrito como Centaurea ×subdecurrens nothosubsp. paucispina ["paucispinus"] [= C. aspera subsp. gentilii × C. seridis var. auriculata] (Asteraceae).[EN] A new combination and change in rank for the Moroccan hybrid described as Centaurea ×subdecurrens nothosubsp. paucispina [¿paucispinus¿] [= C. aspera subsp. gentilii × C. seridis var. auriculata] (Asteraceae) are proposed.Ferrer-Gallego, PP.; Merle Farinós, HB.; Ferriol Molina, M.; Garmendia, A. (2018). A new combination and change in Rank for a Moroccan hybrid in Centaurea (Asteraceae). Flora Montibérica. 71:35-37. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/136101S35377

Mating system of Centaurea aspera (asteraceae) polyploid relatives - Short communication

[EN] Centaurea aspera polyploid complex represents a comprehensive model. The aim of this short communication was to study the mating system of the three main species. The results showed that allotetraploid C. seridis was self-compatible (SC), while autotetraploid C. gentilii was self-incompatible (SI) as the diploid parental C. aspera (SI).This work was supported by Generalitat Valenciana through AICO/2019/227 project.Ferriol Molina, M.; Garmendia, A.; Benavent, D.; Ferrer-Gallego, PP.; Merle Farinós, HB. (2021). Mating system of Centaurea aspera (asteraceae) polyploid relatives - Short communication. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. 155(3):415-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1852333S4154161553Bellanger, S., Guillemin, J.-P., & Darmency, H. (2014). Pseudo-self-compatibility in Centaurea cyanus L. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 209(7), 325-331. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2014.04.002Ferriol, M., Garmendia, A., Gonzalez, A., & Merle, H. (2015). Allogamy-Autogamy Switch Enhance Assortative Mating in the Allotetraploid Centaurea seridis L. Coexisting with the Diploid Centaurea aspera L. and Triggers the Asymmetrical Formation of Triploid Hybrids. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0140465. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140465Ferriol, M., Garmendia, A., Ruiz, J. J., Merle, H., & Boira, H. (2012). Morphological and molecular analysis of natural hybrids between the diploidCentaurea asperaL. and the tetraploidC. seridisL. (Compositae). Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 146(sup1), 86-100. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.727878Ferriol, M., Merle, H., & Garmendia, A. (2014). Microsatellite evidence for low genetic diversity and reproductive isolation in tetraploidCentaurea seridis(Asteraceae) coexisting with diploidCentaurea asperaand triploid hybrids in contact zones. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 176(1), 82-98. doi:10.1111/boj.12194Garmendia, A., Ferriol, M., Benavent, D., Ferrer-Gallego, P. P., & Merle, H. (2020). Intra- and Inter-Specific Crosses among Centaurea aspera L. (Asteraceae) Polyploid Relatives—Influences on Distribution and Polyploid Establishment. Plants, 9(9), 1142. doi:10.3390/plants9091142Garmendia, A., Ferriol, M., Juarez, J., Zając, A., Kałużny, K., & Merle, H. (2015). A rare case of a natural contact zone in Morocco between an autopolyploid and an allopolyploid ofCentaurea asperawith sterile tetraploid hybrids. Plant Biology, 17(3), 746-757. doi:10.1111/plb.12284Jiao, Y., Wickett, N. J., Ayyampalayam, S., Chanderbali, A. S., Landherr, L., Ralph, P. E., … dePamphilis, C. W. (2011). Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature, 473(7345), 97-100. doi:10.1038/nature09916Levin, D. A. (2019). Plant speciation in the age of climate change. Annals of Botany, 124(5), 769-775. doi:10.1093/aob/mcz108Soltis, D. E., Albert, V. A., Leebens-Mack, J., Bell, C. D., Paterson, A. H., Zheng, C., … Soltis, P. S. (2009). Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification. American Journal of Botany, 96(1), 336-348. doi:10.3732/ajb.080007

Intra- and Inter-Specific Crosses among Centaurea aspera L. (Asteraceae) Polyploid Relatives-Influences on Distribution and Polyploid Establishment

[EN] How polyploids become established is a long-debated question, especially for autopolyploids that seem to have no evolutionary advantage over their progenitors. The Centaurea aspera polyploid complex includes diploid C. aspera and two related tetraploids C. seridis and C. gentilii. Our purpose was to study the mating system among these three taxa and to analyze its influence on polyploid establishment. The distribution and ploidy level of the Moroccan populations, and forced intra- and inter-specific crosses were assessed. Allotetraploid C. seridis produced more cypselae per capitulum in the intra-specific crosses. It is a bigger plant and autogamous, and previous studies indicated that selfing forces the asymmetric formation of sterile hybrids. All these characteristics help C. seridis to avoid the minority-cytotype-exclusion effect and become established. Inter-specific hybridization was possible between C. aspera and C. gentilii, and with the symmetric formation of hybrids. However, 49% of the hybrid cypselae were empty, which probably reveals postzygotic barriers. Autotetraploid C. gentilii produced the same number of cypselae per capitulum as those of the diploid parental, has an indistinguishable field phenotype, is allogamous, and symmetrically produces hybrids. Therefore, C. gentilii does not seem to have the same competitive advantages as those of C. seridis.This research was funded by the Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Esport (Generalitat Valenciana) with project AICO/2019/227.Garmendia, A.; Ferriol Molina, M.; Benavente, D.; Ferrer-Gallego, PP.; Merle Farinós, HB. (2020). Intra- and Inter-Specific Crosses among Centaurea aspera L. (Asteraceae) Polyploid Relatives-Influences on Distribution and Polyploid Establishment. Plants. 9(9):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091142S1169

Morphologic, genetic, and biogeographic continua among subspecies hinder the conservation of threatened taxa: the case of Centaurea aspera ssp. scorpiurifolia (Asteraceae)

[EN] Subspecies are widely included as conservation units because of their potential to become new species. However, their practical recognition includes variable criteria, such as morphological, genetic, geographic and other differences. Centaurea aspera ssp. scorpiurifolia is a threatened taxon endemic to Andalusia (Spain), which coexists in most of its distribution area with similar taxa. Because of the difficulty to identify it using morphology alone, we aimed to sample all the populations cited as ssp. scorpiurifolia as exhaustively as possible, morphologically characterise them, and analyse their genetic structuring using microsatellites, to better understand difficulties when conserving subspecies. Three different Centaurea species were found which were easily identified. Within C. aspera, two genetic populations and some admixed individuals were observed, one including ssp. scorpiurifolia individuals and the other including individuals identified as subspecies aspera, stenophylla, and scorpiurifolia. A morphological continuum between these two genetic populations and a wide overlapping of their biogeographic distribution were also found. This continuum can affect the conservation of ssp. scorpiurifolia because of potential misidentifications and harmful effects of subspecific hybridization. Misidentifications could be partly overcome by using as many different traits as possible, and conservation priority should be given to populations representative of the ends of this continuum.Partial financial support was received from Generalitat Valenciana [AICO/2019/227].Garmendia, A.; Merle Farinós, HB.; Sanía, M.; López Del Rincón, C.; Ferriol Molina, M. (2022). Morphologic, genetic, and biogeographic continua among subspecies hinder the conservation of threatened taxa: the case of Centaurea aspera ssp. scorpiurifolia (Asteraceae). Scientific Reports. 12(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-04934-411412

A rare case of a natural contact zone in Morocco between an autopolyploid and an allopolyploid of Centaurea aspera with sterile tetraploid hybrids

This is the accepted version of the following article: Garmendia, A., Ferriol, M., Juarez, J., Zając, A., Kałużny, K., Merle, H. (2015), A rare case of a natural contact zone in Morocco between an autopolyploid and an allopolyploid of Centaurea aspera with sterile tetraploid hybrids. Plant Biology, 17: 746–757, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12284A new contact zone between Centaurea aspera and Centaurea seridis was found in Morocco. Chromosome counts and flow cytometry showed that both taxa were tetra- ploid (4 x = 44). A literature review and morphometric analysis established that C. aspera corresponds to the autopolyploid C. aspera subsp. gentilii and C. seridis corresponds to the allopolyploid C. seridis var. auriculata. This contact area was compared with the homologous contact zones in Spain formed by the diploid C. aspera subsp. stenophylla and the tetraploid C. seridis subsp. maritima. Natural hybrids between parental species were frequent in both areas. In Spain, hybrids were triploid (from reduced gametes A and gamete AB), highly sterile and exerted a triploid block . In Morocco, cytometry showed that hybrids were tetraploid and, therefore, probably fertile, but all the capitula lacked achenes. It is likely that the resulting genome of the new tetraploid hybrid (AAAB), through the fusion of reduced gametes AA (from subsp. gentilii) and AB (from var. auriculata), could explain irregularities in meiosis through formation of aneuploid gametes and, therefore, infertility of the hybrid. Moroccan sterile tetraploid hybrids develop, but have the identical irregularities to Spanish triploids, probably due to the odd number of homologous chromosomes. The new hybrid is first described as C. x subdecurrens nothosubsp. paucispinus. 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