Unbounded violation of tripartite Bell inequalities

We prove that there are tripartite quantum states (constructed from random unitaries) that can lead to arbitrarily large violations of Bell inequalities for dichotomic observables. As a consequence these states can withstand an arbitrary amount of white noise before they admit a description within a local hidden variable model. This is in sharp contrast with the bipartite case, where all violations are bounded by Grothendieck's constant. We will discuss the possibility of determining the Hilbert space dimension from the obtained violation and comment on implications for communication complexity theory. Moreover, we show that the violation obtained from generalized GHZ states is always bounded so that, in contrast to many other contexts, GHZ states do in this case not lead to extremal quantum correlations. The results are based on tools from the theories of operator spaces and tensor norms which we exploit to prove the existence of bounded but not completely bounded trilinear forms from commutative C*-algebras.Comment: Substantial changes in the presentation to make the paper more accessible for a non-specialized reade

Excitation of the Delta (1232)-Resonance in Proton-Nucleus Collisions

peer reviewe

Genetic relationships between ferralsols, podzols and white kaolin in Amazonia

International audienc

Delayed type hypersensitivity response to PCV2 antigen in pigs born from unvaccinated or Circovac-vaccinated sows under Italian field conditions

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is revealing cellular mediated immunity towards an antigen and can be adapted for vaccine compliance tests. This study aimed to confirm this potential for PCV2 vaccination under Italian field conditions. First farm: thirty three-week-old just-weaned piglets born from unvaccinated sows were either vaccinated (n=15) with CIRCOVAC IM 0.5mL or left unvaccinated (n=15). Five weeks later, the pigs were intradermally inoculated with 0.1-0.2mL of CIRCOVAC antigen solution in the lower abdomen area. The diameter of skin reaction (erythema) at the point of inoculation was visually inspected 24h post-inoculation. Second farm: 30 five-week-old piglets born from CIRCOVAC-routinely-vaccinated sows were either vaccinated with CIRCOVAC or left unvaccinated. The DTH reaction was analogously assessed, both before vaccination and 5 weeks post-vaccination. Piglets born from vaccinated sows were bled at weaning and all experimental animals at 5 weeks post-vaccination . Antibodies were titrated using an in-house ELISA or a seroneutralization technique. First farm: only 33% of vaccinated piglets showed high anti-PCV2 ELISA titres following vaccination. Vaccinated pigs exhibited consistent and significantly higher seroneutralizing titres than unvaccinated pigs indicating a proper vaccine take. The proportion of pigs showing erythema (100% vs. 33%) and the average diameter (25\ub115 mm vs. 4\ub17 mm) was significantly higher (p<0.01) for the vaccinated animals. Second farm: piglets born from vaccinated sows consistently displayed high ELISA titres and a mild reaction (9\ub14mm) to the DTH test before vaccination. Five weeks later, ELISA titres were significantly decreased (p<0.01) in unvaccinated pigs compared to vaccinated ones. The diameter of the skin reaction strongly increased (p<0.01) in vaccinated pigs (24\ub14mm) whereas it tended to decrease in unvaccinated ones (8\ub12mm). These results confirmed the potential of intradermal application of PCV2 antigen as a CIRCOVAC vaccination compliance test

Identifying Trajectory Clusters in Breast Cancer Survivors'' Supportive Care Needs, Psychosocial Difficulties, and Resources from the Completion of Primary Treatment to 8 Months Later.

International audienc

Scanner photography: effective technique to investigate needle free device injection dispersion pattern

Vaccination, allowing to contain infections and to prevent health problems is a crucial strategic management tool in today's pig industry. However, it also represents a cost item and therefore condition of vaccine application must be optimized. In the recent years needle free injection devices (NFID) have utilized various techniques for transcutaneous vaccine injections. Among the benefits to be highlighted there are: no broken needles in the meat, reduced inter animal transmission of diseases, respect of animal welfare. In this paper a scanographic (scanner photography) technique will be illustrated, for analyzing and quantifying transport / pattern of penetration and dispersion of a vaccine administered by NFID in piglets focussing on macroscopical visual injection outcome. Conventional piglets of 5-20 kg lbw were vaccinated on the left side of the neck with NFID Valery\uae (Giordano Poultry Plast, Caraglio Cuneo, Italy) with black china ink spiked CIRCOVAC\uae (MERIAL, Lyon, France), 1 cc ink/100 cc of vaccine), according to datasheet (0.5 ml/piglet) and immediately underwent euthanasia. Freezing of hanged piglets was carried out (48 h, -20\ub0C) and subsequently frozen cross-sectional slices were obtained (thickness about 1 cm). Images were acquired by means of an ordinary flatbed scanner protected by a glass platen (hp, Palo Alto-CA, USA). Mechanism of liquid jet injectors relies on the principle of forcing fluids through a small orifice, generating a high pressured stream that penetrates into the skin with high velocity. There are numerous predictive \u201cpreskin\u201d biophysical trials and predictive models, but there are rare models of evaluation of intramuscular penetration, and dispersion characteristics in vivo. Therefore the proposed method provides valuable and reliable information, is objective, repeatable and reproducible, not expensive, and allows the comparison of in vivo efficacy of various NFID

Vaccination with an innovative pressure-adjustable needle-free injection device

The Valery® is an innovative pressure-adjustable needle-free injection device (NFID). The objective of this study was to determine appropriate operation of this NFID for vaccination by evaluating the location of a vaccine in pigs after application. In a first trial, 4 groups of 12 pigs weighing respectively 4-5 kg, 6-7 kg, 8-10 kg and 15-20 kg were injected with a dye-labeled vaccine (Circovac, Merial), 0.5 mL in the neck using the NFID. Per group 3 pressure settings of the device were tested (A:low, B:medium or C:high), 4 pigs each. The pigs were immediately euthanized and frozen in vertical position (48 h; -20°C). Cross-sectional slices (3 per pig, 1 cm thick) at the injection sites were collected and digitalized by photography. The slices were checked on the penetration and dispersion of the vaccine by image analysis. In a second trial, 2 groups of 4 pigs weighing respectively 6-7 kg or 8-10 kg were used. Following cleaning and drying of the skin surface, the vaccine was injected using the NFID, in the neck. Before injection a piece of blotting paper in an empty screw cap tube had been weighed. Just after injection, the piece of paper was applied on the skin surface at the injection site for 2 secs , then stored in the screw cap container. The tube was weighed. The percentage of vaccine dose on the skin surface (SkQ) was calculated by difference. The depth of penetration of the vaccine whatever the weight group or pressure settings was 2.33±0.76 cm (n=48) with no difference observed between the pressure settings (A, n. 16, 2.14±0.77; B n. 16, 2.61±0.72; C, n. 16, 2.23±0.75 cm) or the weight group (4-5Kg, n.12, 2.18±0.4; 6-7Kg, n. 12, 2.40±0.24; 8-10Kg, n. 12, 1.89±0.56; 15-20Kg, n. 12, 2.83±1.18 cm) . The percentage of the vaccine present at the muscular level was varying between 70% (pressure A, 4-5kg) to 100% (pressure C, 6-7 Kg). In the different weight groups on average 87.0%. Setting B and C had the highest amount IM, resp.92.5 and 89.2%. The area of muscular distribution is the highest with pressure C compared to A and B (p=0.04). In trial 2,the SkQ was low whatever the operating pressure (A: 3.5±2.2%; B: 2.9±1.9%; C:1.5±0.4%) and the weight groups with a significant inverse relation between operating pressure and SkQ as well as a remarkable uniformity at the highest pressure setting. Under the conditions of the study, the Valery NFID was shown to deliver a 0.5 mL vaccine recommended for IM vaccination satisfactorily. It is advised to use pressure settings medium to high. The volume of vaccine spread on the skin was considered as acceptable. Vaccination compliance was thought not to be impacted by the NFID

Learning environment, preparedness and satisfaction in osteopathy in Europe: The PreSS study

Objective: 1) to assess the preparedness to practice and satisfaction in learning environment amongst new graduates from European osteopathic institutions; 2) to compare the results of preparedness to practice and satisfaction in learning environment between and within countries where osteopathy is regulated and where regulation is still to be achieved; 3) to identify possible correlations between learning environment and preparedness to practice. Method: Osteopathic education providers of full-time education located in Europe were enrolled, and their final year students were contacted to complete a survey. Measures used were: Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM), the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and a demographic questionnaire. Scores were compared across institutions using one-way ANOVA and generalised linear model. Results: Nine European osteopathic education institutions participated in the study (4 located in Italy, 2 in the UK, 1 in France, 1 in Belgium and 1 in the Netherlands) and 243 (77) of their final-year students completed the survey. The DREEM total score mean was 121.4 (SEM: 1.66) whilst the AAMC was 17.58 (SEM:0.35). A generalised linear model found a significant association between not-regulated countries and total score as well as subscales DREEM scores (p<0.001). Learning environment and preparedness to practice were significantly positively correlated (r=0.76; p<0.01). Discussion: A perceived higher level of preparedness and satisfaction was found amongst students from osteopathic institutions located in countries without regulation compared to those located in countries where osteopathy is regulated; however, all institutions obtained a 'more positive than negative' result. Moreover, in general, cohorts with fewer than 20 students scored significantly higher compared to larger student cohorts. Finally, an overall positive correlation between students' preparedness and satisfaction were found across all institutions recruited. © 2015 Luciani et al