ISOLASI GEN-GEN PADA TANAMAN YANG EKSPRESINYA DIINDUKSI OLEH CEKAMAN LINGKUNGAN

Cekaman lingkungan merupakan salah satu faktor penghambat dalam produksi tanaman. Cekaman tersebut dapat berupa cekaman abiotik (misalnya: kekeringan, salinitas, kemasaman, logam berat, dan suhu), ataupun cekaman biotik (misalnya: hama, penyakit dan gulma). Perbaikan sifat tanaman melalui rekayasa genetika atau teknologi tanaman transgenik mulai banyak dikembangkan untuk menghasilkan varietas-varietas baru yang toleran terhadap cekaman lingkungan. Proses perakitan tanaman transgenik tersebut diawali dengan isolasi gen-gen yang berperan dalam proses difensif/resistensi/toleransi tanaman dalam menghadapi cekaman lingkungan. Isolasi gen dilakukan pada tanaman-tanaman yang toleran baik dari tanaman- tanaman yang sudah didomestikasi maupun dari tipe liar. Gen-gen stres (gen-gen yang ekspresinya diinduksi oleh cekaman lingkungan) inilah yang kemudian digunakan sebagai sumber gen dalam perakitan tanaman transgenik. Berbagai hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa pada umumnya gen-gen yang terlibat dalam proses toleransi tersebut adalah gen-gen yang menyandikan Metallothionein Like Protein (MT), Bowman Bick Proteinase Inhibitors (BBPI), Peroksidase (PER), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathion S-transferase (GST), dan Catalase . Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji prinsip isolasi gen-gen yang ekspresinya diinduksi oleh cekaman lingkungan melalui teknik “differential screening” (penapisan diferensial). Kata kunci: cekaman lingkungan, resistensi/toleransi tanaman, isolasi gen, penapisan diferensia

Development of ICT-Based Teaching Materials on Phylogeny Topic as Innovations in Evolution Courses: A need analysis

This study aims to collect and analyze the data needed for the development of ICT-based teaching materials in evolution courses on phylogeny topic. The methods used are systematic reviews and surveys. Based on the results of a systematic review, it can be concluded that the trend of research on evolution courses on phylogeny topic in scientific articles published in 2015-2021 is the mastery of tree thinking skills. The teaching materials developed to support the mastery of tree thinking skills are booklets, modules, and game cards.  Based on the results of the survey, it can be concluded that the majority of students prefer to use smartphones instead of laptops to find and study evolution lecture materials and only a small percentage of students who have obstacles to accessing the internet both in the classroom and outside campus. The highest percentage of electronic teaching materials that students like the most are more diverse teaching materials. This need analysis provides information that can be used to develop ICT-based teaching materials on phylogeny topicPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data yang dibutuhkan untuk  pengembangan bahan ajar berbasis ICT di perkuliahan evolusi pada materi filogeni. Metode yang digunakan adalah systematic review dan survey. Berdasarkan Hasil sistematic review dapat disimpulkan bahwa tren penelitian perkuliahan evolusi pada materi filogeni pada artikel ilmiah yang terbit pada tahun 2015-2021 adalah penguasaan kemampuan tree thinking. Adapun bahan ajar yang telah dikembangkan untuk mendukung penguasaaan kemampuan tersebut adalah booklet, modul dan kartu game. Berdasarkan hasil survey dapat disimpulkan bahwa mayoritas mahasiswa lebih memilih menggunakan smartphone dibandingkan laptop untuk mencari dan mempelajari materi perkuliahan evolusi dan sebagian kecil saja mahasiswa yang memiliki kendala untuk mengakses internet baik dalam kelas maupun diluar kampus. Adapun persentase tertinggi untuk bahan ajar elektronik yang paling disukai mahasiswa adalah bahan ajar yang lebih beragam. Need analisis ini menyediakan informasi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan bahan ajar berbasis ICT pada materi filogen

The Alternative Media Supporting the Protocorm and Plantlet Growth of the Indonesian Black Orchid (Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.) Grown In Vitro

Due to the high cost of the most often used basic media in tissue culture, it is vital to identify more affordable alternatives. This research aimed to determine the best alternative culture media for the protocorm and plantlet growth of Coelogyne pandurata Lindl. It employed a completely randomized design, eight treatments and four replications. The treatments referred to the different types media and consisted of M1 = New Phalaenopsis (NP) medium, M2 = a medium made from foliar fertilizer (FFM), M3 = NP + 2 cc L-1 AB mix solution (a media for hydroponics), M4 = FFM + 2 cc L-1 AB mix solution, M5 = NP + 50 cc L-1 of tomato extract, M6 = NP + 50 cc L-1 of bean sprout extract, M7 = FFM + 50 cc L-1 of tomato extract and M8 = FFM + 50 cc L-1 of bean sprout extract. The M4 medium exhibited the best results in terms of average leaves count (4.80), average shoot length (2.68 cm), average root length (4.35 cm), the average fresh weight per plantlet (214.5 mg) and dry weight of plantlets (73.1 mg). The average number of roots per plantlet was 4.25, acquired using the less expensive M8 treatment, which also produces a negligible number of leaves (4.50). In conclusion, the M4 medium is the most appropriate medium for growing protocorm and plantlet of C. pandurata. The experiment also found that the FFM basic medium combined with 50 cc L-1 of bean sprout extract can be used as another cheaper alternative for growing protocorms of C. pandurata

Antidiabetic Molecular Mechanisms of Active Compounds from Several Orchids

Hyperglycemia condition that leads to diabetes causes various complications. Various active compounds from plants have been studied for their antidiabetic abilities. One of them is the orchid plant. Besides being used as decoration, orchids contain several active compounds that have been proven to be used in medicine, including diabetes. This article discusses the antidiabetic mechanism of several active compounds obtained from orchids. Publication regarding orchid plant for diabetes were found in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Wiley, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, and Springer. Keywords used in this study were “orchid”, “diabetes”, “hyperglycemia”, “compound” and “herbal”. Out of the 447 collected articles (published in the period between 2011 and 2022), 416 were excluded due to non-relevant studies. There were 31 eligible studies included in this article. In conclusion, the antidiabetic mechanisms of the orchid extracts were as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-glycation agents, increasing insulin action, influencing lipid metabolism, and inhibiting α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase activity.

Efektivitas Model Guided Discovery Learning Berbantuan Animasi Macro Media Flash terhadap Penurunan Miskonsepsi Materi Sistem Koordinasi di SMA.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan keefektifan model Guided Dicovery Learning berbantuan Animasi Macro Media Flash untuk menurunkan miskonsepsi peserta didik SMA Negeri 1 Pundong. Penelitian ini merupakan quasi-experiment dengan menggunakan satu kelompok eksperimen dan satu kelompok kontrol. Sampel ditentukan menggunakan cluster random sampling technique, yaitu kelas XI IPA 3 sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan kelas XI IPA 2 sebagai kelompok kontrol dengan total sampel sebanyak 64 peserta didik. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan lembar penilaian kelayakan instrumen dari expert judgement dan tes diagnosis miskonsepsi Vibration Conceptual Change Inventory (VCCI) four tier. Tes yang digunakan telah memenuhi standar kelayakan penggunaan dengan uji validitas empiris dan reliabilitas. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan uji independent sample t-test dan perhitugan n-gain. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan model guided discovery learning berbantuan animasi macro media flash dapat menurunkan miskonsepsi pada peserta didik dengan total rata-rata penurunan sebesar 15%, ditunjukkan dengan perolehan hasil analisis data uji independent sample t-test yaitu nilai signifikansi 0,00 < 0,05. Hasil analisis nilai n-gain pada kelas eksperiem memperoleh nilai 0,49 dengan kriteria sedang dan kelas kontrol dengan memperoleh nilai 0,30 dengan kriteria rendah. Dengan demikian, pembelajaran dengan model Guided Discovery Learning berbantuan media Animasi Macro Media Flash efektif dalam menurunkan miskonsepsi. Walaupun kedua model yang digunakan pada kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol termasuk dalam scientific approach namun animasi macro media flash yang digunakan pada kelas eksperimen dapat menunjang proses pembelajaran dan meningkatkan pemahaman

Selection of Phalaenopsis amabilis L. Blume Orchid Resistance to Hygromycin

Examination of Phalaenopsis amabilis orchid resistance to hygromycin antibiotic is an important step to do prior to Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in this orchids using Hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene as a selection marker in the T-DNA that harboring a desired gene to be transfered. We exposed the plant on hygromycin containing medium. The experiment was conducted using 6 weeks old P. amabilis protocorms. These protocorms were subcultured onto NP medium supplemented with various concentration of Hygromycin (0, 5, 10, 20, 1nd 40 mg/l). The number of survival protocorms were examined every week for 4 weeks after subcultured (WAS). The resistancy of hygromycin was calculated as ratio of death protocorms per total protocorms). The result showed that 10 mg/l hygromycin with 1 weeks of application caused death close to LD 50. This data indicate that P. amabilis resistance to hygromycin treatment on the appropriate concentration 10 mg/l, and this concentration can be used for other purposes in orchid system

INDUCTION OF IN VITRO FLOWERING OF INDONESIAN WILD ORCHID, Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume

Orchids are generally cultivated for their flower. To induce flower initiation in Phalaenopsis amabilis orchid, genetic and physiological approaches were developed. Genetic modification by insertion of P. amabilis Flowering Locus T (PaFT) gene driven by Ubiquitin promoter into orchid genome using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, whereas physiological approach was conducted by the use of growth regulators: N6­benzyladenine (BA) (1, 3, 9) mg.L-1 or gibberellic acid (GA3) (5, 10, 15) mg.L-1 alone or in combination in culture medium. Orchid seeds were sown on New Phalaenopsis (NP) medium for 8 weeks, then subcultured on NP liquid medium + BA + GA3 with shaking for 9 weeks. Developping protocorms were spread on NP solid medium, then supplemented with NP liquid medium + BA + GA3 (5:2). Cultures were maintained at 25oC with a photoperiod of 8 hrs light/16 hrs dark. For genetic transformation, 3 weeks old protocorms were immersed overnight in cultures of A. tumefaciens with T-DNA harboring Ubipro::PaFT and Hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene as selectable marker. Phenotypic analysis was carried out from 5-20 plants, each of them was observed for leaf and root number and lengths, comparing with untreated plants. Shoots with normal phenotype were generated from all treatments. RT-PCR analysis from 3 plants each of 4 weeks-24 months old-WT plants, 6 months old phytohormone treated plants and also 12 and 24 months old transgenic plants showed that POH1 juvenile gene transcript can be detected at juvenile stage of WT and PaFT mRNA was expressed in late stage after 6 months old WT plants. In all phytohormone treated plants and transgenic orchid both POH1 anf PaFT transcripts can be detected in 5, 12 and 24-months old plants, but no flower initiation was occurred. It indicates that post transcriptional inhibition might be occurred, and it needs to be explored.Keywords: in vitro, flower, PaFT, growth regulators, Orchid

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of compounds emitted by pepper yellow leaf curl virus-infected chili plants : a preliminary study

Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PYLCV) is a threat to chili plants and can significantly reduce yields. This study aimed as a pilot project to detect PYLCV by analyzing compounds emitted by chili plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples investigated in this research were PYLCV-infected and PYLCV-undetected chili plants taken from commercial chili fields. The infection status was validated by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. A headspace technique was used to extract the volatile organic compounds emitted by plants. The analysis of GC-MS results began with pre-processing, analyzing sample compound variability with a boxplot analysis, and sample classification by using a multivariate technique. Unsupervised multivariate technique principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to discover whether GC-MS could identify PYLCV-infected or not. The results showed that PYLCV-infected and PYLCV-undetected chili plants could be differentiated, with a total percent variance of the first three principal components reaching 91.32%, and successfully discriminated between PYLCV-infected and PYLCV-undetected chili plants. However, more comprehensive studies are needed to find the potential biomarkers of the infected plants