Upper Surface Nacelle Influence on SCAR Aerodynamic Characteristics at Transonic Speeds

The arrow-wing transport configuration with detached engines located over the wing to produce upper surface exhaust flow effects was tested at angles of attack from -4 deg to 8 deg and jet total-pressure ratios from 1 (Jet off) to approximately 10. Wing tip leading edge flap deflections of -10 deg to 10 deg were tested with the wing-body configuration only (no nacelles). Tests were made with various nacelle chordwise, spanwise, and vertical height locations over the Mach number, angle of attack, and jet total-pressure ratio ranges. Deflecting the wing tip leading edge flap from 0 deg to -10 deg increased maximum lift to drag ratio by 1.0 at subsonic speeds. Installation of upper surface nacelles (no wing/nacelle pylons) increased the wing-body pitching moment at all Mach numbers and decreased the drag of the wing-body configuration at subsonic Mach numbers. Jet exhaust interference effects were negligible

Transonic aerodynamic characteristics of a supersonic cruise aircraft research model with the engines suspended above the wing

The influence of upper-surface nacelle exhaust flow on the aerodynamic characteristics of a supersonic cruise aircraft research configuration was investigated in a 16 foot transonic tunnel over a range of Mach numbers from 0.60 to 1.20. The arrow-wing transport configuration with engines suspended over the wing was tested at angles of attack from -4 deg to 6 deg and jet total pressure ratios from 1 to approximately 13. Wing-tip leading edge flap deflections of -10 deg to 10 deg were tested with the wing-body configuration. Various nacelle locations (chordwise, spanwise, and vertical) were tested over the ranges of Mach numbers, angles of attack, and jet total-pressure ratios. The results show that reflecting the wing-tip leading edge flap from 0 deg to -10 deg increased the maximum lift-drag ratio by 1.0 at subsonic speeds. Jet exhaust interference effects were negligible

Exercise rehabilitation for recovery from critical illness (Protocol)

Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK. As part of an ongoing research education programme.This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: The objective of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of exercise rehabilitation programmes, initiated after ICU discharge, on improving functional exercise capacity and quality of life in adult ICU survivors who have been mechanically ventilated for more than 24 hours. We will compare an exercise intervention to any other intervention or a control or 'usual care' programme. Exercise includes any structured or taught programmes. Respiratory or inspiratory muscle training is excluded due to it being initiated within the ICU environment, for example with weaning from a ventilator, and not as post-discharge rehabilitation as required for this review.sch_phyAngus 1997 Angus, DC. Understanding the incidence and long-term outcomes of ARDS. In: Gullo, A editor(s). Anaesthesia, pain, intensive care and emergency medicine: a scientific report. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer, 1997:289-98. Angus 2003 Angus DC, Carlet J, Brussels Roundtable 2002 Participants. Surviving intensive care: a report from the 2002 Brussels Roundtable. Intensive Care Medicine 2003;29(3):368-77. [PUBMED: 12536269 ] Baumgartner 1999 Baumgartner WA,Walinsky PL, Salazar JD, Tseng EE, Brock MV, Doty JR, et al.Assessing the impact of cerebral injury after cardiac surgery: will determining the mechanism reduce the injury?. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1999;67(6):1871-3. [PUBMED: 10391329] Brown 1990 Brown AB, McCartney N, Sale DG. Positive adaptation to weightlifting in the elderly. Journal of Applied Physiology 1990;69(5): 1725-33. [PUBMED: 2272965] Burtin 2009 Burtin C, Clerckx B, Robbeets C, Ferdinande P, Langer D, Troosters T, et al.Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances short-term functional recovery. Critical Care Medicine 2009;37(9): 2499-505. [PUBMED: 19623052] Chaboyer 2003 Chaboyer W, Grace J. Following the path of ICU survivors: a quality improvement activity. Nursing in Critical Care 2003;8(4): 149-55. [PUBMED: 12940690] Eddleston 2000 Eddleston J, White P, Guthrie E. Survival, morbidity, and quality of life after discharge from intensive care. Critical Care Medicine 2000; 28(7):2293-9. [PUBMED: 10921555] Elliott 2006 Elliott D, McKinley S, Alison J, Aitken L, King M. Study protocol: Home-based rehabilitation for survivors of a critical illness. Critical Care 2006;10(3):R90. [PUBMED: 16792792 ] Fiatarone 1994 Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, et al.Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330(25):1769-75. [PUBMED: 8190152] Fletcher 2003 Fletcher S, Kennedy D, Ghosh I, Misra V, Kiff K, et al.Persistant neuromuscular and neurophysiological abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. Critical Care Medicine 2003; 31(4):1012-6. [PUBMED: 12682465] Frank 2000 Frank M, Schlapfer H, Otte B, Yasikoff N, Conzelmann M. Results of neurorehabilitation. An outcome study 20 months after stroke. Praxis 2000;89(44):1799-808. [PUBMED: 11109917] Gill 2002 Gill TM, Baker DI, Gottschalk M, Peduzzi PN, Allore H, Byers A. A program to prevent functional decline in physically frail, elderly persons who live at home. New England Journal of Medicine 2002; 347(14):1068-74. [PUBMED: 12362007] Grimby 1986 Grimby G. Physical activity and muscle training in the elderly. Acta Medica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1986;711:233-7. [PUBMED: 3535411] Guyatt 2008 Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ, et al.What is quality of evidence- and why is it important to clinicians?. BMJ 2008;336:995-8. [PUBMED: 18456631] Higgins 2008 Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Iversen 2003 Iversen MD, Fossel AH, Katz JN. Enhancing function in older adults with chronic low back pain: a pilot study of endurance training. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84 (9):1324-31. [PUBMED: 13680569] Jolliffe 2001 Jolliffe J, Rees K, Taylor RRS, Thompson DR, Oldridge N, Ebrahim S. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001800.] King 1998 King J, Crowe J. Mobilisation practices in Canadian critical care units. Physiotherapy Canada 1998;50(3):206-11. [MEDLINE: 0346574] Kouidi 2002 Kouidi E. Exercise training in dialysis patients: why, when, and how?. Artificial Organs 2002;26(12):1009-13. [PUBMED: 12460377] Krishnan 2002 Krishnan KR, Delong M, Kraemer H, Carney R, Spiegel D, Gordon C, et al.Comorbidity of depression with other medical diseases in the elderly. Biological Psychiatry 2002;52(6):559-88. [PUBMED: 12361669] Lavie 2009 Lavie CJ, Thomas RJ, Squires RW, Allison TG, Milani RV. Exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2009; 84(4):373-83. [PUBMED: 19339657] Lewis 2003 Lewis M. Intensive care unit rehabilitation within the United Kingdom: a review. Physiotherapy 2003;89(9):531-8. [DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9406(05)60179-4] Martin 2005 Martin M, Salim A, Murray J, Demetriades D, Belzberg H, Rhee P. The decreasing incidence and mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome after injury: a 5-year observational study. Journal of Trauma 2005;50(5):1107-13. [PUBMED: 16385287] Mazzeo 2001 Mazzeo RS, Tanaka H. Exercise prescription for the elderly: current recommendations. Sports Medicine 2001;31(11):809-18. [PUBMED: 11583105] Miller 2002 Miller MD, Crotty M, Giles LC, Bannerman E, Whitehead C, Cobiac L, et al.Corrected arm muscle area: an independent predictor of long-term mortality in community dwelling older adults?. Journal of the America Geriatrics Society 2002;50(7): 1272-7. [PUBMED: 12133024] Paffenbarger 1986 Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Hseih CC. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. New England Journal of Medicine 1986;314(10):605-13. [PUBMED: 3945246] Puhan 2006 Puhan MA, Busching G, Schunemann HJ, VanOort E, Zaugg C, Frey M. Interval versus continuous high-intensity exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2006;145(11):816-25. [PUBMED: 17146066] Rantanen 2000 Rantanen T, Harris T, Leveille SG, Visser M, Foley D, et al.Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men. Journal of Gerontology. Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55(3):M168-73. [PUBMED: 10795731] RevMan 5.0 The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.0. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Schweickert 2009 Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, et al.Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009;373(epub):1874-82. [PUBMED: 19446324] Smith 2006 Smith TP, Kennedy SL, Smith M, Orent S, Fleshner M. Physiological improvements and health benefits during an exercisebased comprehensive rehabilitation program in medically complex patients. Exercise Immunology Review 2006;12:86-96. [PUBMED: 17201074] Stiller 2000 Stiller K. Physiotherapy in intensive care: toward an evidence-based practice. Chest 2000;118(6):1801-13. [PUBMED: 11115476] Storch 2008 Storch EK, Kruszynski DM. From rehabilitation to optimal function: role of clinical exercise therapy. Current Opinion in Critcal Care 2008;14(4):451-5. [PUBMED: 18614911] Wiles 2009 Wiles L, Stiller K. Passive limb movements for patients in an intensive care unit: A survey of physiotherapy practice in Australia. Journal of Critical Care 2009;epub:ahead of print. [PUBMED: 19819105] Yoshida 1999 Yoshida T, Kohzuki M, Yoshida K, Hiwatari M, Kamimoto M, Yamamoto C, et al.Physical and psychological improvements after phase II cardiac rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction. Nursing & Health Sciences 1999;1(3):163-70. [PUBMED: 10894639] Indicates the major publication for the study8pub1756pubArt.

Feeding and metabolic consequences of scheduled consumption of large, binge-type meals of high fat diet in the Sprague–Dawley rat

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Arcuate nucleus homeostatic systems reflect blood leptin concentration but not feeding behaviour during scheduled feeding on a high-fat diet in mice

Acknowledgements T.B. was funded by a CASE studentship from the BBSRC and AstraZeneca. J.B. was a summer student from Bordeaux Sciences Agro and funded by student laboratory experience grant from the British Society of Neuroendocrinology. The authors are also grateful for funding from the Scottish Government, and from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements 266408 (Full4Health) and 245009 (NeuroFAST).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

An experimental study of the environmental impacts of CCA-treated wood waste land application

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) has been the most commonly used wood preservative in the UK; up until its partial ban in 2004. The preservative prolongs the service life of wood by 20-50 years by making it resistant to biological attack. As such, in-service CCA treated wood is expected to be a major component of the UK wood waste stream in the future. Concerns over the impact of the chemical constituents of this treatment on both the environment and human health have prompted the introduction of legislation to ensure that such waste is disposed of safely in Hazardous Waste Landfills. Despite this, studies have shown that this waste can still enter into the landscape mulch market due to inadequate detection methods and increasing societal pressures to recycle.A series of laboratory and field-based simulations were used to quantify leaching of copper, chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated wood waste mulch and evaluate the factors involved in promoting leaching. The distribution and behaviour of the metals in the soil column and leachate were also assessed. The samples generated in the study were analysed for a range of physico-chemical measurements, elemental and speciation concentrations.Results show that arsenic, chromium and copper leaches from CCA waste wood; at times to levels exceeding regulatory thresholds by two to three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the more toxic and mobile species of arsenic (As III) and chromium (Cr VI) were detected in both soil and leachate samples. A mass balance was produced which demonstrated that CCA wood tends to leach on initial exposure to a leachant and also during weathering of the wood. When in contact with soil, metal(loid) transport is reduced due to complexation reactions. With higher water application or where the adsorption capacity of the soil is exceeded, the metal(loid)s are transported through the soil column as leachate. Overall, there was a loss of metal(loid)s from the system that could be due to loss of water, volatilisation of arsenic and plant uptake. Due to the toxicity and concentration levels of the leached elements identified in the current study, it is apparent that adverse environmental and human health impacts may result from direct and indirect exposure to the environmental media

An experimental study of the environmental impacts of CCA-treated wood waste land application

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) has been the most commonly used wood preservative in the UK; up until its partial ban in 2004. The preservative prolongs the service life of wood by 20-50 years by making it resistant to biological attack. As such, in-service CCA treated wood is expected to be a major component of the UK wood waste stream in the future. Concerns over the impact of the chemical constituents of this treatment on both the environment and human health have prompted the introduction of legislation to ensure that such waste is disposed of safely in Hazardous Waste Landfills. Despite this, studies have shown that this waste can still enter into the landscape mulch market due to inadequate detection methods and increasing societal pressures to recycle.A series of laboratory and field-based simulations were used to quantify leaching of copper, chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated wood waste mulch and evaluate the factors involved in promoting leaching. The distribution and behaviour of the metals in the soil column and leachate were also assessed. The samples generated in the study were analysed for a range of physico-chemical measurements, elemental and speciation concentrations.Results show that arsenic, chromium and copper leaches from CCA waste wood; at times to levels exceeding regulatory thresholds by two to three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the more toxic and mobile species of arsenic (As III) and chromium (Cr VI) were detected in both soil and leachate samples. A mass balance was produced which demonstrated that CCA wood tends to leach on initial exposure to a leachant and also during weathering of the wood. When in contact with soil, metal(loid) transport is reduced due to complexation reactions. With higher water application or where the adsorption capacity of the soil is exceeded, the metal(loid)s are transported through the soil column as leachate. Overall, there was a loss of metal(loid)s from the system that could be due to loss of water, volatilisation of arsenic and plant uptake. Due to the toxicity and concentration levels of the leached elements identified in the current study, it is apparent that adverse environmental and human health impacts may result from direct and indirect exposure to the environmental media

Raising the bar: legislating to achieve diversity in the professions is only half of the story

Purpose – Argues that merely complying with legislation is not sufficient to accomplish genuine diversity and that, rather than assuming its benefits will naturally be derived and accepted, diversity must be approached strategically and its advantages communicated effectively to stakeholders to ensure desired outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Considers the business case for diversity, presents a case study of barristers and examines the role of the national equality standard. Findings – Advances the view that multi-layered approaches to diversity are essential for its successful implementation. Practical implications – Highlights the strong business case for diversity in the workforce, as well as possible social repercussions from failing to ensure that workforces are diverse. Social implications – Underlines how young people in European and Anglo-Saxon countries are increasingly demanding to work with colleagues from varied ethnicities, nationalities and sexual orientations who are similar to the peers they socialize with. Diverse workforces have thus become central to talent attraction. Originality/value – Presents an interesting case study of barristers and diversity. Keywords: Performance, Recruitment, Equal opportunities, Lawyer

Analysis of enhanced diffusion in Taylor dispersion via a model problem

We consider a simple model of the evolution of the concentration of a tracer, subject to a background shear flow by a fluid with viscosity $\nu \ll 1$ in an infinite channel. Taylor observed in the 1950's that, in such a setting, the tracer diffuses at a rate proportional to $1/\nu$, rather than the expected rate proportional to $\nu$. We provide a mathematical explanation for this enhanced diffusion using a combination of Fourier analysis and center manifold theory. More precisely, we show that, while the high modes of the concentration decay exponentially, the low modes decay algebraically, but at an enhanced rate. Moreover, the behavior of the low modes is governed by finite-dimensional dynamics on an appropriate center manifold, which corresponds exactly to diffusion by a fluid with viscosity proportional to $1/\nu$