Color Doppler mapping of the perforators of the radial collateral artery and its possible application in performing piercing flaps for upper limb defect coverage

Introducción El uso de los colgajos regionales basados en arterias perforantes musculocutáneas o fasciocutáneas, constituyen una herramienta útil en el manejo en defectos de cobertura complejos. Objetivo Determinar las características anatómicas de las perforantes de la arteria colateral radial, rama de la arteria braquial profunda, en voluntarios sanos según los hallazgos en la ecografía Doppler color. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, en donde se describió el patrón de las perforantes de la arteria colateral radial (ACR) mediante ecografía Doppler color reportando diámetro, velocidad picosistólica (VPS) y presencia de vena acompañante, en una muestra de 30 voluntarios sanos que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados Se realizó el estudio doppler color en ambos miembros superiores en 30 voluntarios sanos. Se encontró un promedio de 3,3 vasos perforantes derechos y 3,1 vasos perforantes izquierdos para cada brazo respectivamente, siendo lamayoríamusculocutáneas en su curso, de las cuales la mayoría eran distales 67% del lado derecho y 62,7% del lado izquierdo, con un diámetro promedio de 1,3 mm en ambos brazos, velocidad de flujo promedio de 22,9 cm/s del lado derecho y 19,7 cm/s del lado izquierdo, y una distancia promedio al epicóndilo lateral de 8 cm del lado derecho y 7,9 cm del lado izquierdo. Conclusión Se estableció la presencia, ubicación, tipo y características anatómicas de los vasos perforantes dependiente de la arteria colateral radial con un estudio doppler color, donde se identificó su predominio en el área distal del brazo y se describió la VPS de las perforantes encontradas

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery