5,724 research outputs found
Realistic Chemotherapeutic policies for Tuberculosis in India
A series of controlled studies carried out at the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre have revealed that ambulatory chemotherapy for tuberculosis based on a well-organized clinic service for a
year, is virtually as effective as sanatorium treatment for the same
period, not only in the immediate therapeutic response in terms of
overall radiographic improvement, cavity closure and sputum conversion
(Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, 1959) but also
in the likelihood of relapse in a subsequent 4-year period of follow-up
(Dawson et al, 1966). Further, principally owing to the rapid sputum
conversion of patients receiving effective chemotherapy there was no
increased risk of contracting the disease to close family contacts of
the patients treated at home, the main risk to them being before
treatment had begun (Andrews et al, 1960; Kamat et al, 1966).
These studies also clearly showed that the traditionally held virtues
of sanatorium treatment namely, prolonged bed-rest, good diet, good
airy accommodation, nursing and isolation were remarkably unimportant
provided adequate chemotherapy was administered. There
have been 5 other controlled trials based on random allocation .
reported in the world medical literature which compared either sanatorium
treatment with clinic treatment (Tyrell, 1956 ; Bell, 1960) or
rest with ambulation (Kay, 1957 ; Tuberculosis Society of Scotland,
1960; Wier et al, 1957 ; Wynn-Williams and Shaw, 1960) and not one
demonstrated any advantage either of sanatorium treatment over
clinic treatment or of rest over ambulation. Because of these
findings and because of the gross shortage of hospital beds for tuberculosis,
ambulatory chemotherapy for the major or the entire period
of treatment has become the accepted practice in the tuberculosis
control programmes in India as well as in many other developing
countries of the world
Indian seas: a megadiversity hotspot
Marine biological research in
India dates back to the 18th
century, and the surveys and
expeditions conducted by Europeans,
particularly the British. The most
notable among these pioneers were
great naturalists such as Francis Day
(1829-1889) , Nelson Annandale
(1876-1924) and Herbert Robinson
(1874-1929) who worked during the
latter part o f the 19th century and
early 20th century. This foundation
helped India to create a network
o f marine research laboratories in
government funded institutions and
universities all along the coastline
Distress debt and suicides among agrarian households : findings from three village studies in Kerala
This paper examines the factors and process underlying agrarian
distress in Kerala by undertaking the case studies of three villages situated
in Wayanad and Idukki districts namely, Cherumad, Kappikkunnu and
Upputhara. The impact of distress on household livelihoods and
indebtedness and how they cope up with the situation are examined with
entire village and intra village analysis of data. The process of agrarian
distress which resulted in suicides were analysed through a few in-depth
studies.
Decline in crops yield, coupled with sharp fall in their prices,
created severe distress in all sections of agricultural population. Many
household cope with these distresses by reducing household expenditure,
diversifying their household incomes and searching for jobs in other
places. Meanwhile, government interventions in terms of PDS, health
care provision, education and supply of drinking water gave some relief
to the affected persons. However, these measures could not completely
prevent the occurrence of suicides among the members of agrarian
households. The paper shows that the villages in which household income
are more diversified and social networks much stronger, the distress
conditions did not result in suicides. Mitigation of agrarian distress
requires not only for debt relief but also implementation of long term
strategies containing policies to promote price stability, ecological
sustainability of agriculture, strengthening of formal rural credit and
support networks, and income and employment generation programmes.
Key words: Distress debt, Suicides, Agrarian Households, Livelihood
risk, Coping Strategies, Livelihood, Livelihood Assets,
Institutions, Kerala
JEL Classification: Q, Q0
Lease farming in Kerala : findings from micro level studies
Land Reforms Act in Kerala rendered tenancy invalid and
prohibited the creation of future tenancies in the State, but tenancy very
much exists. It is a consequence of the simultaneous increase in two
categories of people, “those who have land but unable to cultivate’ and
‘those who have the labour and skills, but no lands or not enough lands
of their own to cultivate’. Macro state-level data on tenancy from sources
such as the NSS appear to be gross under-estimations, going by the data
provided by micro-level studies in the state. This paper examines some
micro-level studies on tenancy in Kerala, more specifically, its prevalence
across locations and crops, characteristics of lessors and lessees, the terms
of lease, and the income derived from lease cultivation and in the light
of the analysis, argues for institutionalised arrangements for the expansion
of lease cultivation, rather than sterner measures to check it. Among
other factors, large-scale entry of self-help groups into the lease market
to take up lease cultivation, often bringing hitherto fallowed lands into
production, has prompted such a positioning.
Key Words: Lease farming, Commercial Cultivation, Sustainable
Agriculture
JEL Classification: Q10, Q1
The destruction of young fish and its impact on inshore fisheries
The annual average loss of catfish due to eggs and larvae destruction
is estimated at an alarming 5250t valued at Rs. 4.12 crore
Xenobiotic induced functional alterations in Hepatopancreas of the Penaeid shrimp Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers)
Xenobiocic-induced imbalance between production and ulilisation of cylosolic lipid provides biochemical evidence of structural and functional alaerations in animal tissues . The present study investigates metal induced accumulalion of unsaturated neutral lipid inthe hepatopancreas of the penaei
Length - weight relationship of a mesopelagic shrimp, Oplophorus typus from the west coast of India
The length weight relationship of Oplophorus typus (Oplophoridae) was studied from samples by Isaac Kid - Mid water Trawl (IKMT)operated onboard FORV Sagar Sampada off west coast of india during October 1998 to May 2001. The relationship between total length and total weight and other dimentional relationship were also worked out. The relationships are not significantly different between male and female
Effect of sublethal copper on growth efficiency of the shrimp Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miere)
In this investigation, an attempt is made to elucidate the effect of copper sublethal concentrations, on the energy conversion and growth efficiency of a commercially important Penaeid shrimp Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miere
Doping, density of states and conductivity in polypyrrole and poly(p-phenylene vinylene)
The evolution of the density of states (DOS) and conductivity as function of
well controlled doping levels in OC_1C_10-poly(p-phenylene vinylene)
[OC_1C_10-PPV] doped by FeCl_3 and PF_6, and PF_6 doped polypyrrole (PPy-PF_6
have been investigated. At a doping level as high as 0.2 holes per monomer, the
former one remains non-metallic, while the latter crosses the metal-insulator
transition. In both systems a similar almost linear increase in DOS as function
of charges per unit volume c* has been observed from the electrochemical gated
transistor data. In PPy-PF_6, when compared to doped OC_1C_10-PPV, the energy
states filled at low doping are closer to the vacuum level; by the higher c* at
high doping more energy states are available, which apparently enables the
conduction to change to metallic. Although both systems on the insulating side
show log(sigma) proportional to T^-1/4 as in variable range hopping, for highly
doped PPy-PF_6 the usual interpretation of the hopping parameters leads to
seemingly too high values for the density of states.Comment: 4 pages (incl. 6 figures) in Phys. Rev.
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