The Use of Swear Words by Junior High School Students 1 at Kotabaru Karawang West Java

Dalam setiap bahasa terdapat kata-kata yang dianggap tidak sopan untuk dikatakan kepada lawan bicara. Kata-kata tersebut mengacu kepada kata-kata yang mengandung makian dan sumpah serapah, serta memiliki konotasi kasar dan tabu untuk diucapkan dalam situasi formal. Dalam era globalisasi ini, banyak remaja khususnya remaja Sekolah menengah Pertama yang menggunakan umpatan dalam komunikasi mereka sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, penulis tergugah untuk menganalisis fenomena penggunaan kata umpatan oleh siswa SMPN 1 di wilayah Kotabaru Karawang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan dan menganalisis penggunaan kata umpatan yang digunakan oleh siswa SMP mengacu kepada teori Sosiolinguistik yang dikemukakan oleh Janet Holmes. Kata-kata umpatan yang diproduksi oleh siswa merupakan penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Penulis mengambil data dengan teknik purposive sampling sehingga penulis mendapat data sebanyak 25 kata umpatan yang dalam pengumpulan datanya dibagi menjadi 2 tahap yaitu wawancara dan observasi. Penulis juga menggunakan teknik Simak Bebas Libat Cakap dan teknik catat ketika mengobservasi tuturan umpatan yang digunakan oleh siswa. Dalam mewawancarai siswa, penulis menggunakan teknik rekam untuk menjaga keaslian data. Dari hasil pengumpulan data, penulis mendapatkan 16 tuturan umpatan yang diperoleh dengan cara mewawancarai siswa dan 9 tuturan umpatan yang diperoleh dengan cara observasi di sekolah. Sebagian besar kata – kata umpatan dituturkan oleh siswa laki – laki. Namun ada beberapa tuturan umpatan yang diproduksi oleh siswa perempuan ketika mengumpat dengan teman sebayanya. Dari hasil observasi, penulis menemukan kata – kata umpatan yang digunakan siswa kepada temannya hanya pada latar informal. Walaupun ada seorang murid yang mengaku bahwa dirinya pernah mengumpat pada saat terdapat guru di dalam kelas, hal itu tidak lebih dari sekedar lelucon belaka. Secara garis besar, topik ketika siswa mengumpat kepada temannya hanya sebagai bahan lelucon. Meskipun ada beberapa tuturan umpatan yang mempunyai topik kemarahan, sebagian besar umpatan yang digunakan siswa mempunyai fungsi ekspresif

Determinants of agricultural production using SSFM.

<p>Determinants of agricultural production using SSFM.</p

Map of Liberia showing county-level [33] and community-level EVD cases.

<p>Map of Liberia showing county-level [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006580#pntd.0006580.ref033" target="_blank">33</a>] and community-level EVD cases.</p

Categories of household assets included in the study and their definition.

<p>Categories of household assets included in the study and their definition.</p

Regression results for the impact of EVD on household income using spatial-lag models.

<p>Regression results for the impact of EVD on household income using spatial-lag models.</p

The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African Ebola crisis

<div><p>Bushmeat represents an important source of animal protein for humans in tropical Africa. Unsustainable bushmeat hunting is a major threat to wildlife and its consumption is associated with an increased risk of acquiring zoonotic diseases, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD). During the recent EVD outbreak in West Africa, it is likely that human dietary behavior and local attitudes toward bushmeat consumption changed in response to the crisis, and that the rate of change depended on prevailing socio-economic conditions, including wealth and education. In this study, we therefore investigated the effects of income, education, and literacy on changes in bushmeat consumption during the crisis, as well as complementary changes in daily meal frequency, food diversity and bushmeat preference. More specifically, we tested whether wealthier households with more educated household heads decreased their consumption of bushmeat during the EVD crisis, and whether their daily meal frequency and food diversity remained constant. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models to analyze interview data from two nationwide household surveys across Liberia. We found an overall decrease in bushmeat consumption during the crisis across all income levels. However, the rate of bushmeat consumption in high-income households decreased less than in low-income households. Daily meal frequency decreased during the crisis, and the diversity of food items and preferences for bushmeat species remained constant. Our multidisciplinary approach to study the impact of EVD can be applied to assess how other disasters affect social-ecological systems and improve our understanding and the management of future crises.</p></div

The change in the proportion of households consuming different types of meat in a typical meal before and during the Ebola crisis.

<p>The change in the proportion of households consuming different types of meat in a typical meal before and during the Ebola crisis.</p

The effect of household income on bushmeat consumption frequency before vs. during the crisis.

<p>The size of each circle corresponds to the proportion of households and the dashed lines depict the fitted regressions for each time period.</p

Estimated model coefficients and standard errors, as well as lower and upper confidence limits, degrees of freedom, p-values, and x² values derived from the likelihood ratio test for the final model analyzing the change in the proportion of the community that preferred to eat bushmeat.

<p>Estimated model coefficients and standard errors, as well as lower and upper confidence limits, degrees of freedom, p-values, and x² values derived from the likelihood ratio test for the final model analyzing the change in the proportion of the community that preferred to eat bushmeat.</p