Analyse des effects de la pluviometrie sur le PIB Agricole au Senegal

RESUMELe secteur agricole au Sénégal est dominé par les cultures pluviales dont l’arachide et le mil qui occupent la majeure partie des terres cultivables en hivernage. Sa contribution au PIB reste faible par rapport aux secteurs tertiaire et secondaire. Une des principales raisons de cette situation est sa forte dépendance aux conditions climatiques et notamment à la pluviométrie. Dans cette recherche nous nous proposons d’étudier l’analyse des effets de la pluviométrie sur le PIB du sous- secteur agricole au Sénégal. L’étude couvre une période de 35 ans allant de 1980 à 2015 et concerne tout le territoire national. Les résultats des tests économétriques par la technique des Moindres Carrés Ordinaires (MCO) montrent que la variation pluviométrique influence les résultats économiques du secteur agricole. L’étude montre qu’à chaque fois que la pluviométrie baisse, les productions et les valeurs économiques du mil et de l’arachide suivent la même tendance. Ainsi une bonne pluviométrie a un effet positif sur la production agricole qui à son tour influence positivement le PIB agricole. ABSTRACTANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF RAINFALL ON AGRICULTURAL GDP IN SENEGALThe agricultural sector in Senegal is dominated by rainfed crops, with groundnuts and millet occupying most of the land. Its contribution to GDP remains low compared to the tertiary and secondary sectors. One of the main reasons for this situation is its strong dependence on climatic conditions and in particular on rainfall. In this research we propose to study the analysis of the effects of rainfall on the GDP of the agricultural sub-sector in Senegal. The study covers a 35-year period from 1980 to 2015 and concerns the entire national territory. The results of econometric tests using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique show that rainfall variation influences the economic performance of the agricultural sector. The study shows that each time the rainfall drops, the production and economic values of millet and peanuts follow the same trend. Thus, good rainfall has a positive effect on agricultural production which in turn positively influences agricultural GDP

Perancangan Brand Identity Dan Kemasan Kue Kering Susy Handayani Di Surabaya

Salah satu bentuk USAha yang marak berkembang di Surabaya adalah bisnis kue kering. Bisnis kue kering juga dimanfaatkan oleh Susy Handayani yang merupakan USAha homemade yang memproduksi aneka kue kering dan kue spiku dengan menggunakan resep turun-temurun dan bahan yang terjamin kualitasnya.Walaupun telah memulai bisnis tersebut sejak tahun 2007, kue kering Susy Handayani belum memiliki identitas yang konsisten dan belum memiliki kemasan yang menarik sehingga dibutuhkan perancangan brand identity berupa logo dan akan diaplikasikan pada desain kemasan.. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan analisis SWOT dan VIEW untuk mencari informasi mengenai insight dari target audience, proposition dan positioning produk. Dari hasil analisis, dibuatlah perancangan brand identity berupa logo dan diaplikasikan pada desain kemasan yang sesuai dengan positioning produk sebagai spesialis aneka kue kering dan kue spiku yang premium dan friendly. Perancangan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan brand awareness dari produk Kue Kering Susy Handayani terhadap masyarakat Surabaya

Perancangan Logo Dan Kemasan Edisi Spesial Untuk Kelkenth Cake Di Manado

Kelkenth Cake merupakan sebuah Perusahaan home industry di kota Manado yang telah berdiri sejak tahun 2008. Untuk meningkatkan Brand Image dan pelayanan serta memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen. Perlu dilakukan perancangan logo dan kemasan agar Kelkenth Cake memiliki sebuah Brand Image dan kemasan yang lebih menarik. Dengan adanya logo baru maka konsumen lebih mudah mengenal Perusahaan tersebut, dan sebuah kemasan yang baru lebih konsisten dan dapat membedakan produk dengan pesaing, dimana kemasan memiliki beberapa edisi spesial yaitu Natal, Imlek, Idul fitri, Valentine, dan Ulang tahun yang dibuat dengan desain grafis yang sesuai edisi dan menarik, sehingga tujuan peningkatan pelayanan terhadap konsumen dapat tercapai

Encapsulation and selective recognition of sulfate anion in an azamacrocycle in water

Structural characterization of a sulfate complex with an azamacrocycle suggests that one sulfate is encapsulated in the macrocyclic cavity with eight hydrogen bonds; a significant selectivity of the host was observed for sulfate over halides, nitrate and perchlorate as evaluated by 1H NMR studies in water

RIP Links TLR4 to Akt and Is Essential for Cell Survival in Response to LPS Stimulation

Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) has been reported to associate with tumor necrosis–associated factor (TRAF)2 and TRAF6. Since TRAF2 and TRAF6 play important roles in CD40 signaling and TRAF6 plays an important role in TLR4 signaling, we examined the role of RIP in signaling via CD40 and TLR4. Splenocytes from RIP−/− mice proliferated and underwent isotype switching normally in response to anti-CD40–IL-4 but completely failed to do so in response to LPS–IL-4. However, they normally up-regulated TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression and CD54 and CD86 surface expression after LPS stimulation. RIP−/− splenocytes exhibited increased apoptosis and impaired Akt phosphorylation after LPS stimulation. These results suggest that RIP is essential for cell survival after TLR4 signaling and links TLR4 to the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase–Akt pathway

Partially Randomized, Non-Blinded Trial of DNA and MVA Therapeutic Vaccines Based on Hepatitis B Virus Surface Protein for Chronic HBV Infection

BACKGROUND: Chronic HBV infects 350 million people causing cancer and liver failure. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of plasmid DNA (pSG2.HBs) vaccine, followed by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA.HBs), encoding the surface antigen of HBV as therapy for chronic HBV. A secondary goal was to characterize the immune responses. METHODS: Firstly 32 HBV e antigen negative (eAg(-)) participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: to receive vaccines alone, lamivudine (3TC) alone, both, or neither. Later 16 eAg(+) volunteers in two groups received either 3TC alone or both 3TC and vaccines. Finally, 12 eAg(-) and 12 eAg(+) subjects were enrolled into higher-dose treatment groups. Healthy but chronically HBV-infected males between the ages of 15-25 who lived in the western part of The Gambia were eligible. Participants in some groups received 1 mg or 2 mg of pSG2.HBs intramuscularly twice followed by 5×10(7) pfu or 1.5×10(8) pfu of MVA.HBs intradermally at 3-weekly intervals with or without concomitant 3TC for 11-14 weeks. Intradermal rabies vaccine was administered to a negative control group. Safety was assessed clinically and biochemically. The primary measure of efficacy was a quantitative PCR assay of plasma HBV. Immunity was assessed by IFN-γ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS: Mild local and systemic adverse events were observed following the vaccines. A small shiny scar was observed in some cases after MVA.HBs. There were no significant changes in AST or ALT. HBeAg was lost in one participant in the higher-dose group. As expected, the 3TC therapy reduced viraemia levels during therapy, but the prime-boost vaccine regimen did not reduce the viraemia. The immune responses were variable. The majority of IFN-γ was made by antigen non-specific CD16(+) cells (both CD3(+) and CD3(-)). CONCLUSIONS: The vaccines were well tolerated but did not control HBV infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN ISRCTN67270384

IL-17 Production from T Helper 17, Mucosal-Associated Invariant T, and γδ Cells in Tuberculosis Infection and Disease.

IL-17-producing cells have been shown to be important in the early stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in animal models. However, there are very little data on the role of IL-17 in human studies of tuberculosis (TB). We recruited TB patients and their highly exposed contacts who were further categorized based on results from an IFN-γ-release assay (IGRA): (1) IGRA positive (IGRA+) at recruitment (latently TB infected), (2) IGRA negative (IGRA-) at recruitment and 6 months [non-converters (NC)], and (3) IGRA- at recruitment and IGRA+ at 6 months (converters). Whole blood was stimulated with mycobacterial antigens and analyzed using T helper (Th) 17 multiplex cytokine assays. Th17, Vγ9Vδ2+, and CD161++Vα7.2+ mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The majority of IL-17 was produced by CD26+CD4+ Th17 cells (median 71%) followed by γδ T cells (6.4%) and MAIT cells (5.8%). TB patients had a significantly lower proportion of Th17 cells and CD4+CD161+Vα7.2+ cells producing both IL-17 and IFN-γ compared to LTBI subjects. IGRA NC had significantly lower levels of CD26-CD4+ and CD8+ MAIT cells producing IL-17 compared to IGRA C but had significantly higher levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-23 in ESAT-6/CFP-10-stimulated supernatants compared to IGRA C. These data provide new insights into the role of IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells at three key stages of the Mtb infection spectrum

Kinetics of antibodies against pneumococcal proteins and their relationship to nasopharyngeal carriage in the first two months of life.

INTRODUCTION: The currently used Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines have had a significant impact on the pneumococcal diseases caused by the serotypes they cover. Their limitations have stimulated a search for alternate vaccines that will cover all serotypes, be affordable and effective in young children. Pneumococcal protein antigens are potential vaccine candidates that may meet some of the shortfalls of the current vaccines. Thus, this study aimed to determine the relationship between antibodies against pneumococcal protein antigens and nasopharyngeal carriage in infants. METHODS: One hundred and twenty mother-infant pairs were enrolled into the study. They had nasopharyngeal swabs(NPS) taken at birth and every two weeks for the first eight weeks after delivery, and blood samples were obtained at birth and every four weeks for the first eight weeks after delivery. Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae was determined from the NPS and antibodies against the pneumococcal proteins CbpA, PspA and rPly were measured in the blood samples. RESULTS: The S. pneumoniae carriage rate in infants increased to that of mothers by eight weeks of age. The odds of carriage in infants was 6.2 times (95% CI: 2.0-18.9) higher when their mothers were also carriers. Bacterial density in infants was lower at birth compared to their mothers (p = 0.004), but increased with age and became higher than that of their mothers at weeks 4 (p = 0.009), 6 (p = 0.002) and 8 (p<0.0001). At birth, the infants' antibodies against CbpA, and rPly pneumococcal protein antigens were similar, but that of PspA was lower (p<0.0001), compared to their mothers. Higher antibody concentrations to CbpA [OR (95% CI): 0.49 (0.26-0.92, p = 0.03)], but not PspA and rPly, were associated with protection against carriage in the infants. CONCLUSION: Naturally induced antibodies against the three pneumococcal protein antigens were transferred from mother to child. The proportion of infants with nasopharyngeal carriage and the bacterial density of S. pneumoniae increased with age within the first eight weeks of life. Higher concentrations of antibodies against CbpA, but not PspA and rPly, were associated with reduced risk of nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in infants