Epidemiología de la enfermedad de Chagas en menores en riesgo de la provincia de Santa Fe y evaluación de una nueva técnica diagnóstica en terreno

Tesis - Doctor en Ciencias de la Salud - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de Médicas. Secretaria de Graduados en Ciencias de la Salud 111 h. : ilFil: Mendicino, Diego. Universidad Nacional del litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y ciencias Biologicas. Centro de Investigación sobre Endemias Nacionales; Argentina.La Enfermedad de Chagas (ECh) es una endemia cuya transmisión vectorial ha ido disminuyendo en Latinoamérica. No obstante el riesgo de transmisión por esta vía sigue siendo importante en algunas regiones, entre ellas la Eco Región del Gran Chaco, debido a factores naturales y a fuertes condicionantes sociales: población rural, aislada y con escaso peso económico y político. En Santa Fe estas condiciones se dan en los distritos rurales de los Departamentos 9 de Julio y Vera, en el norte de la Provincia. Los análisis serológicos en terreno tienen importancia tanto para la salud individual como colectiva. La realización de estos análisis se ve dificultada por la distancia a los laboratorios con recursos humanos e instrumentales adecuados. En ese sentido, las técnicas inmunocromatográficas (IC) son promisorias por cuanto no requieren de instrumental de laboratorio ni personal especializado. Una IC para diagnóstico de ECh recientemente desarrollada fue probada por el fabricante en un número reducido de muestras de paneles de sueros estándar y en condiciones de laboratorio, mostrando buena sensibilidad (S) (>95%) y especificidad (E) (>97%). Sin embargo es desconocida su performance con sangre entera y en condiciones de terreno. Los objetivos de la presente tesis fueron realizar una descripción epidemiológica de la ECh en niños de 5 a 14 años de distritos rurales del Chaco Santafesino y evaluar el desempeño de una IC en terreno.The Chagas Disease (ChD) is a vector-borne endemic disease which has been declining in Latin America. However the risk of transmission by this route is still important in some regions, including the Gran Chaco Eco Region, due to natural factors and tough social conditions: a rural, isolated population with a low economic and political influence. In Santa Fe these conditions exist in the rural districts of the departments of 9 de Julio and Vera, in the north of the province. Serological analyses on field are important for both the individual and public health. The accomplishment of these analyzes is hampered by the distance to laboratories with adequate human and instrumental resources. In that sense, the immunochromatographic techniques (IC) are promising because they do not require laboratory instruments or specialized personnel. A newly developed IC for the diagnostic of Chd was tested by the manufacturer in a small sample of standard sera panels and in laboratory conditions, showing good sensitivity (S) (> 95%) and specificity (Sp) (> 97% ). However its performance is unknown with whole blood and in the field conditions. The objectives of this thesis were to conduct an epidemiological description of the ChD in children of 5-14 years old from the Chaco Santafesino rural districts and evaluate the performance of an IC in the field

Differences in the association of dengue and leptospirosis incidences with respect to socio-sanitary vulnerability in the city of Santa Fe, Argentina

The results indicate that the higher the degree of vulnerability or social and health exclusion, the higher the incidence of leptospirosis, while the opposite is true for dengue cases. The results also suggest that there are two sectors with a higher incidence of dengue, one located in the central-western area of the city and the other in the southwest, both urban sectors with greater social inclusion and health accessibility. On the other hand, leptospirosis has its highest incidence in peripheral neighborhoods of the city located in the islands and the river coast, with high vulnerability indexes. Likewise, a conglomerate of cases was observed in areas near the former Belgrano railroad tracks, where some settlements with high social and sanitary vulnerability indexes are also located.In contrast to this work, Vanlerberghe (29), based on studies carried out in Cali, Colombia, suggests that dengue incidences are higher in more unprotected sectors of the population. Based on a worldwide meta-analysis, Muligan et al. (11) suggest that the relationship between social marginalization or lack of protection variables and the incidence of dengue is under discussion. In the city of Santa Fe, dengue epidemics have been associated with the occurrence of imported cases (5), and these are generally people who have traveled to countries where dengue is endemic. Therefore, it is more likely that dengue epidemics are initiated in sectors of Santa Fe society with a certain purchasing power that allows for travel outside the country. The results of this study indicate that in Santa Fe we found a lower incidence of dengue in sectors with high socio-sanitary vulnerability indicators, coinciding, in this sense, with the studies of Muligan et al (11).In relation to leptospirosis, the results coincide with those found by different researchers (6, 18, 30, 31) who describe this disease as more likely to happen amongst marginalized sectors of society. Three of the variables analyzed showed this pattern. We observed an increase in the incidence of leptospirosis as socioeconomic conditions deteriorated, which was also reflected in the spatial analysis of the determinants of the disease in Greater Santa Fe (18). Peri-urban and suburban sectors present the greatest environmental and socioeconomic susceptibility for the occurrence of leptospirosis (18).Finally, we also found that the incidence increased with higher proportions of households whose heads of household did not complete primary education. In a study carried out in neighborhoods of the city of Santa Fe and nearby localities, we observed an influence of the educational level achieved by people in their ability to adopt practices to prevent the disease (32). We also found a higher incidence of leptospirosis the higher the degree of health vulnerability, which could be related to the fact that cases of leptospirosis with detectable or severe symptomatology usually occur. Although leptospirosis has been considered a neglected disease at international level (6), some countries have not developed public policies aimed at improving its prevention. Martins and Spink (8) consider that in Brazil leptospirosis is a doubly neglected disease, because the epidemiological surveillance system in that country does not have data that would allow an efficient characterization of the populations that are mainly affected, so that its impact and the profile of the people affected remain invisible. When comparing it with dengue, Martins and Spink (8) attribute the differences in the sectors of the population affected by these diseases to the characteristics of the vectors/reservoirs that transmit them. Although Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have an area of action of approximately 300 m, they can easily disperse throughout the territory. Moreover, females lay their eggs in containers with rigid walls, which are not necessarily exclusive to more unprotected areas (6). Leptospira transmission, on the other hand, involves their excretion in the host´s urine, persistence in the environment and entry into a new host. The main reservoir of leptospires are rats (Rattus sp.). These animals proliferate in urban environments with inadequate basic services, such as waste collection, closed storm drainage systems, and well-maintained green spaces. Thus, for example, rats are associated with micro-dumps, ditches, and unweeded areas. On the other hand, conditions that favor the persistence of the bacteria in damp soils are also often found in marginal neighborhoods with poorly maintained dirt roads and open canals (1). Thus, poorer living conditions increase the chances of contracting leptospirosis in an urban context (8). These could be the mechanisms that result in the increased incidence of leptospirosis that we observed in the city of Santa Fe as the socioeconomic stratum index increases toward less favorable conditions.It should be emphasized that the number of cases of these diseases may be underestimated due to underreporting in the National Health Surveillance System. This may be due to the fact that these diseases in some cases produce mild symptoms, for which some people do not seek health care. In other cases, these diseases may be under-diagnosed due to lack of access to adequate health care or deficiencies in the health system´s ability to diagnose these diseases.It is necessary to take into account that the location of the dengue data from the 2016 minor outbreak could not be accessed, and that the type of study applied does not allow us to conclude on individual associations and could fall into an ecological bias. The patterns found are general and the resulting associations allow guiding new studies that search for more specific variables and with greater explanatory power, with the aim of avoiding possible confounding biases In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on public policies aimed at controlling dengue fever, with variable results (33), while leptospirosis prevention campaigns are scarce. We consider that these results constitute an advance and a contribution to the analysis of how these diseases are distributed in the city of Santa Fe, with the aim of guiding the development of public policies that will make it possible to adequately address invisible diseases, such as leptospirosis.In general terms, this work coincides with the statement made by Dr. Mike Begon (pers. comm.) that leptospirosis is such a neglected disease that it did not even make it to the WHO list of neglected diseases (34). In the case of Santa Fe, leptospirosis is neglected, underdiagnosed and underestimated in relation to Dengue. It is also, coinciding with Martins and Spink (8), invisibilized. And this is related to the sectors it affects, unlike dengue.Inequity, marginality, low educational level and vulnerability based on the social structure are elements that promote the deterioration of health in cities (35). Health does not obey an exclusively individual order, but is a process that depends on how societies produce and reproduce themselves (36, 37). Public policies must be equitable and comprehensive, with a high degree of social relevance, and must not respond only to an ahistorical and decontextualized biological perspective (38). Public policies aimed at disease prevention should cover the totality of conditions without excluding any material, social, educational, cultural or economic context. This would make it possible to achieve an improvement in the overall quality of life, especially if participatory inclusion is promoted in the construction of a dignified community future. When public policies aimed at improving economic conditions or strengthening social protection are implemented, there are usually positive repercussions on the health of the population (39,40). It is essential to address the problems associated with zoonoses in a transdisciplinary manner, considering the "One Health" concept. There cannot be human health if there is no animal health, and both cannot exist if the environment is not healthy; if it is deteriorated, if it is not sustainable (41, 42). Applying the One Health concept to the case of leptospirosis and dengue, we can expect that a healthy environment that has good garbage and vacant land management and minimizes rainwater accumulation will present fewer opportunities for mosquitoes, rodents and leptospires to survive and reproduce. In turn, in a more diverse animal community, including rodent and mosquito predators, and with a low dominance of reservoir species, there will be less transmission of these pathogens. Finally, an empowered human population with basic needs met and with broad access to education and health care will have greater capacity for prevention, detection and treatment of these zoonoses. Therefore, taking into account all of the above, we consider that it is necessary to advance in unraveling the socio-environmental roots of the health problems generated by this system of accumulation and segregation (37) in order to move towards healthier relationships, with citizen protagonism, which shed light on the invisible diseases that affect invisible populations and subjects.Fil: Avalos, Christian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Cristaldi, Maximiliano Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Mendicino, Diego. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; ArgentinaFil: Previtali, Maria Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentin

Seroprevalence of Chagas disease in urban and rural indigenous populations of the south of Gran Chaco

Background: In Latin America, Chagas disease is endemic, with a high prevalence in rural indigenous communities and an increasing prevalence in urban areas owing to migration from rural areas with active vector transmission. This study aimed to assess differences in the prevalence of Chagas disease in urban and rural moqoit communities, one of the main ethnic indigenous groups in the south of Gran Chaco. Methods: A seroprevalence study was conducted in six moqoit populations in the Santa Fe province, Argentina. The variables studied were serology results for Chagas disease, residents of urban or rural areas, age, and sex. Results: The results showed that 9.26% of the 702 volunteers evaluated and 18.32% of the 131women of childbearing potential were seropositive. According to the calculated prevalence ratio, the prevalence of Chagas disease in urban communities was6.41 (95% confidence inverval: 3.73-11.02) times higher than that in rural communities: 21.59% in urban communities vs. 3.37%in rural communities. Conclusions: The seroprevalence found in the moqoit community was higher than the estimated level for the general population of the same region, with a greater impact in urban areas than in rural areas. The urbanization of groups of people with poor socio-sanitary conditions in the second half of the 20th century could have caused this higher seroprevalence of Chagas disease.Fil: Colussi, Carlina Leila. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; ArgentinaFil: Stafuza, Mariana. Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Hospital Central de Reconquista Olga Stucky de Rizzi; ArgentinaFil: Nepote, Marcelo Carlos. Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Ministerio de Salud. Programa Provincial de Control de la Enfermedad de Chagas.; ArgentinaFil: Mendicino, Diego Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; Argentin

Differences in the association of dengue and leptospirosis incidences with respect to socio-sanitary vulnerability in the city of Santa Fe, Argentina

The results indicate that the higher the degree of vulnerability or social and health exclusion, the higher the incidence of leptospirosis, while the opposite is true for dengue cases. The results also suggest that there are two sectors with a higher incidence of dengue, one located in the central-western area of the city and the other in the southwest, both urban sectors with greater social inclusion and health accessibility. On the other hand, leptospirosis has its highest incidence in peripheral neighborhoods of the city located in the islands and the river coast, with high vulnerability indexes. Likewise, a conglomerate of cases was observed in areas near the former Belgrano railroad tracks, where some settlements with high social and sanitary vulnerability indexes are also located.In contrast to this work, Vanlerberghe (29), based on studies carried out in Cali, Colombia, suggests that dengue incidences are higher in more unprotected sectors of the population. Based on a worldwide meta-analysis, Muligan et al. (11) suggest that the relationship between social marginalization or lack of protection variables and the incidence of dengue is under discussion. In the city of Santa Fe, dengue epidemics have been associated with the occurrence of imported cases (5), and these are generally people who have traveled to countries where dengue is endemic. Therefore, it is more likely that dengue epidemics are initiated in sectors of Santa Fe society with a certain purchasing power that allows for travel outside the country. The results of this study indicate that in Santa Fe we found a lower incidence of dengue in sectors with high socio-sanitary vulnerability indicators, coinciding, in this sense, with the studies of Muligan et al (11).In relation to leptospirosis, the results coincide with those found by different researchers (6, 18, 30, 31) who describe this disease as more likely to happen amongst marginalized sectors of society. Three of the variables analyzed showed this pattern. We observed an increase in the incidence of leptospirosis as socioeconomic conditions deteriorated, which was also reflected in the spatial analysis of the determinants of the disease in Greater Santa Fe (18). Peri-urban and suburban sectors present the greatest environmental and socioeconomic susceptibility for the occurrence of leptospirosis (18).Finally, we also found that the incidence increased with higher proportions of households whose heads of household did not complete primary education. In a study carried out in neighborhoods of the city of Santa Fe and nearby localities, we observed an influence of the educational level achieved by people in their ability to adopt practices to prevent the disease (32). We also found a higher incidence of leptospirosis the higher the degree of health vulnerability, which could be related to the fact that cases of leptospirosis with detectable or severe symptomatology usually occur. Although leptospirosis has been considered a neglected disease at international level (6), some countries have not developed public policies aimed at improving its prevention. Martins and Spink (8) consider that in Brazil leptospirosis is a doubly neglected disease, because the epidemiological surveillance system in that country does not have data that would allow an efficient characterization of the populations that are mainly affected, so that its impact and the profile of the people affected remain invisible. When comparing it with dengue, Martins and Spink (8) attribute the differences in the sectors of the population affected by these diseases to the characteristics of the vectors/reservoirs that transmit them. Although Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have an area of action of approximately 300 m, they can easily disperse throughout the territory. Moreover, females lay their eggs in containers with rigid walls, which are not necessarily exclusive to more unprotected areas (6). Leptospira transmission, on the other hand, involves their excretion in the host´s urine, persistence in the environment and entry into a new host. The main reservoir of leptospires are rats (Rattus sp.). These animals proliferate in urban environments with inadequate basic services, such as waste collection, closed storm drainage systems, and well-maintained green spaces. Thus, for example, rats are associated with micro-dumps, ditches, and unweeded areas. On the other hand, conditions that favor the persistence of the bacteria in damp soils are also often found in marginal neighborhoods with poorly maintained dirt roads and open canals (1). Thus, poorer living conditions increase the chances of contracting leptospirosis in an urban context (8). These could be the mechanisms that result in the increased incidence of leptospirosis that we observed in the city of Santa Fe as the socioeconomic stratum index increases toward less favorable conditions.It should be emphasized that the number of cases of these diseases may be underestimated due to underreporting in the National Health Surveillance System. This may be due to the fact that these diseases in some cases produce mild symptoms, for which some people do not seek health care. In other cases, these diseases may be under-diagnosed due to lack of access to adequate health care or deficiencies in the health system´s ability to diagnose these diseases.It is necessary to take into account that the location of the dengue data from the 2016 minor outbreak could not be accessed, and that the type of study applied does not allow us to conclude on individual associations and could fall into an ecological bias. The patterns found are general and the resulting associations allow guiding new studies that search for more specific variables and with greater explanatory power, with the aim of avoiding possible confounding biases In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on public policies aimed at controlling dengue fever, with variable results (33), while leptospirosis prevention campaigns are scarce. We consider that these results constitute an advance and a contribution to the analysis of how these diseases are distributed in the city of Santa Fe, with the aim of guiding the development of public policies that will make it possible to adequately address invisible diseases, such as leptospirosis.In general terms, this work coincides with the statement made by Dr. Mike Begon (pers. comm.) that leptospirosis is such a neglected disease that it did not even make it to the WHO list of neglected diseases (34). In the case of Santa Fe, leptospirosis is neglected, underdiagnosed and underestimated in relation to Dengue. It is also, coinciding with Martins and Spink (8), invisibilized. And this is related to the sectors it affects, unlike dengue.Inequity, marginality, low educational level and vulnerability based on the social structure are elements that promote the deterioration of health in cities (35). Health does not obey an exclusively individual order, but is a process that depends on how societies produce and reproduce themselves (36, 37). Public policies must be equitable and comprehensive, with a high degree of social relevance, and must not respond only to an ahistorical and decontextualized biological perspective (38). Public policies aimed at disease prevention should cover the totality of conditions without excluding any material, social, educational, cultural or economic context. This would make it possible to achieve an improvement in the overall quality of life, especially if participatory inclusion is promoted in the construction of a dignified community future. When public policies aimed at improving economic conditions or strengthening social protection are implemented, there are usually positive repercussions on the health of the population (39,40). It is essential to address the problems associated with zoonoses in a transdisciplinary manner, considering the "One Health" concept. There cannot be human health if there is no animal health, and both cannot exist if the environment is not healthy; if it is deteriorated, if it is not sustainable (41, 42). Applying the One Health concept to the case of leptospirosis and dengue, we can expect that a healthy environment that has good garbage and vacant land management and minimizes rainwater accumulation will present fewer opportunities for mosquitoes, rodents and leptospires to survive and reproduce. In turn, in a more diverse animal community, including rodent and mosquito predators, and with a low dominance of reservoir species, there will be less transmission of these pathogens. Finally, an empowered human population with basic needs met and with broad access to education and health care will have greater capacity for prevention, detection and treatment of these zoonoses. Therefore, taking into account all of the above, we consider that it is necessary to advance in unraveling the socio-environmental roots of the health problems generated by this system of accumulation and segregation (37) in order to move towards healthier relationships, with citizen protagonism, which shed light on the invisible diseases that affect invisible populations and subjects.Fil: Avalos, Christian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Cristaldi, Maximiliano Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Mendicino, Diego. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; ArgentinaFil: Previtali, Maria Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentin

A first experience of interdisciplinary training from the Unit for Promotion of Research and Development of Family Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences UNLP professionals of Agricultural Sciences Depression north of the Salado in the Province of Buenos Aires

Con el fin de profundizar el abordaje de la compleja realidad del sector agropecuario y en particular la problemática que involucra a la Agricultura Familiar, desde la Unidad de Promoción y Desarrollo (UPID) de Agricultura Familiar de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la UNLP, el objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar un estudio evaluativo sobre la primera experiencia de capacitación dirigida a profesionales relacionados a las Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias que trabajan con productores ganaderos familiares en la zona norte de la Depresión del Salado en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, que permita elaborar estrategias didáctico pedagógicas para una nueva edición. La modalidad adquirió un carácter teórico práctico con una estructura modular, un primer módulo contextual, un segundo módulo de características predominantemente biológico productivas, y un tercer módulo que explora las diferentes alternativas de diversificación y complementación productiva a la ganadería bovina familiar. Como resultado se destaca, la elaboración de propuestas por parte de los asistentes que tiende a la consolidación de espacios multiactorales, la necesaria organización de estos productores y profundizar la diversificación productiva. En la perspectiva Institucional, el convencimiento de continuar en nuestra Facultad estas acciones interdepartamentales que permiten la necesaria articulación, reflexión, obtención de consensos entre las diferentes disciplinas que integran dichos departamentos; la necesidad de profundizar el análisis de las características de los conocimientos tecnológicos transmitidos y su adecuación y pertinencia para los productores familiares.In order to deepen the approach to the complex reality of the agricultural sector and in particular the problems involving family farming, from the Promotion and Development Unit (UPID) Family Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of the UNLP The aim of this study is to develop an evaluative study on the first training experience addressed to related Agricultural and veterinary sciences working with family livestock producers in the north of the Salado depression in the Province of Buenos Aires professionals, develop pedagogical teaching strategies allow for a new edition. The modality acquired a theoretical and practical character with a modular structure, a first contextual module, a second module productive predominantly biological characteristics, and a third module that explores the different alternatives for diversification and productive complementation to the family cattle. As a result stands, the development of proposals by attendees who tends to the consolidation of multi-actor spaces, the necessary organization of these producers and deepen diversification. In an institutional perspective, the belief in our faculty continue these interdepartmental actions that allow the necessary articulation, reflection, consensus building among the various disciplines that make up those departments; the need to deepen the analysis of the characteristics of the transmitted knowledge and technological adequacy and relevance for family farmers.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

A first experience of interdisciplinary training from the Unit for Promotion of Research and Development of Family Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences UNLP professionals of Agricultural Sciences Depression north of the Salado in the Province of Buenos Aires

Con el fin de profundizar el abordaje de la compleja realidad del sector agropecuario y en particular la problemática que involucra a la Agricultura Familiar, desde la Unidad de Promoción y Desarrollo (UPID) de Agricultura Familiar de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la UNLP, el objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar un estudio evaluativo sobre la primera experiencia de capacitación dirigida a profesionales relacionados a las Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias que trabajan con productores ganaderos familiares en la zona norte de la Depresión del Salado en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, que permita elaborar estrategias didáctico pedagógicas para una nueva edición. La modalidad adquirió un carácter teórico práctico con una estructura modular, un primer módulo contextual, un segundo módulo de características predominantemente biológico productivas, y un tercer módulo que explora las diferentes alternativas de diversificación y complementación productiva a la ganadería bovina familiar. Como resultado se destaca, la elaboración de propuestas por parte de los asistentes que tiende a la consolidación de espacios multiactorales, la necesaria organización de estos productores y profundizar la diversificación productiva. En la perspectiva Institucional, el convencimiento de continuar en nuestra Facultad estas acciones interdepartamentales que permiten la necesaria articulación, reflexión, obtención de consensos entre las diferentes disciplinas que integran dichos departamentos; la necesidad de profundizar el análisis de las características de los conocimientos tecnológicos transmitidos y su adecuación y pertinencia para los productores familiares.In order to deepen the approach to the complex reality of the agricultural sector and in particular the problems involving family farming, from the Promotion and Development Unit (UPID) Family Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of the UNLP The aim of this study is to develop an evaluative study on the first training experience addressed to related Agricultural and veterinary sciences working with family livestock producers in the north of the Salado depression in the Province of Buenos Aires professionals, develop pedagogical teaching strategies allow for a new edition. The modality acquired a theoretical and practical character with a modular structure, a first contextual module, a second module productive predominantly biological characteristics, and a third module that explores the different alternatives for diversification and productive complementation to the family cattle. As a result stands, the development of proposals by attendees who tends to the consolidation of multi-actor spaces, the necessary organization of these producers and deepen diversification. In an institutional perspective, the belief in our faculty continue these interdepartmental actions that allow the necessary articulation, reflection, consensus building among the various disciplines that make up those departments; the need to deepen the analysis of the characteristics of the transmitted knowledge and technological adequacy and relevance for family farmers.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

A first experience of interdisciplinary training from the Unit for Promotion of Research and Development of Family Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences UNLP professionals of Agricultural Sciences Depression north of the Salado in the Province of Buenos Aires

Con el fin de profundizar el abordaje de la compleja realidad del sector agropecuario y en particular la problemática que involucra a la Agricultura Familiar, desde la Unidad de Promoción y Desarrollo (UPID) de Agricultura Familiar de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la UNLP, el objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar un estudio evaluativo sobre la primera experiencia de capacitación dirigida a profesionales relacionados a las Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias que trabajan con productores ganaderos familiares en la zona norte de la Depresión del Salado en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, que permita elaborar estrategias didáctico pedagógicas para una nueva edición. La modalidad adquirió un carácter teórico práctico con una estructura modular, un primer módulo contextual, un segundo módulo de características predominantemente biológico productivas, y un tercer módulo que explora las diferentes alternativas de diversificación y complementación productiva a la ganadería bovina familiar. Como resultado se destaca, la elaboración de propuestas por parte de los asistentes que tiende a la consolidación de espacios multiactorales, la necesaria organización de estos productores y profundizar la diversificación productiva. En la perspectiva Institucional, el convencimiento de continuar en nuestra Facultad estas acciones interdepartamentales que permiten la necesaria articulación, reflexión, obtención de consensos entre las diferentes disciplinas que integran dichos departamentos; la necesidad de profundizar el análisis de las características de los conocimientos tecnológicos transmitidos y su adecuación y pertinencia para los productores familiares.In order to deepen the approach to the complex reality of the agricultural sector and in particular the problems involving family farming, from the Promotion and Development Unit (UPID) Family Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of the UNLP The aim of this study is to develop an evaluative study on the first training experience addressed to related Agricultural and veterinary sciences working with family livestock producers in the north of the Salado depression in the Province of Buenos Aires professionals, develop pedagogical teaching strategies allow for a new edition. The modality acquired a theoretical and practical character with a modular structure, a first contextual module, a second module productive predominantly biological characteristics, and a third module that explores the different alternatives for diversification and productive complementation to the family cattle. As a result stands, the development of proposals by attendees who tends to the consolidation of multi-actor spaces, the necessary organization of these producers and deepen diversification. In an institutional perspective, the belief in our faculty continue these interdepartmental actions that allow the necessary articulation, reflection, consensus building among the various disciplines that make up those departments; the need to deepen the analysis of the characteristics of the transmitted knowledge and technological adequacy and relevance for family farmers.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Diferencias en la asociación de las incidencias de dengue y leptospirosis respecto a la vulnerabilidad socio-sanitaria en la ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina

The objective of this study was to detect geographical areas of the city with the highest incidence for each disease, find and compare patterns of association between incidences of dengue and leptospirosis with socio-environmental descriptors related to social and health inclusion. Data from the National Health Surveillance System were georeferenced to determine the number of cases and incidences for each radio/census fraction using geographic information systems. Satellite images and socioeconomic and demographic databases were used to characterize the habitat and the degree of social exclusion. The indices considered were: unsatisfied basic needs, socioeconomic stratum, educational level, and health vulnerability. A positive correlation was found between the distribution of the incidence of leptospirosis with low socioeconomic status and health vulnerability. With respect to dengue there is a negative correlation, so the incidence increases in areas with less social vulnerability. In the present study we provide evidence in favor of dengue being a disease that affects broad sectors, mainly those with less social and health vulnerability, unlike leptospirosis. However, attention in public policies is greater for dengue and scarce for leptospirosis. Keywords: dengue, leptospirosis, epidemiologyEl objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar zonas geográficas de la ciudad con mayor incidencia para cada enfermedad, encontrar y comparar patrones de asociación entre las incidencias de dengue y leptospirosis con descriptores socio-ambientales relacionados a la inclusión social y sanitaria. Se georreferenciaron datos del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud para determinar la cantidad de casos y las incidencias por cada radio/fracción censal utilizando sistemas de información geográfica. Se emplearon imágenes satelitales y bases de datos socioeconómicos y demográficos para caracterizar el hábitat y el grado de exclusión social. Los índices considerados fueron: necesidades básicas insatisfechas, estrato socioeconómico, nivel educativo y vulnerabilidad sanitaria.Se encontró una correlación positiva entre la distribución de la incidencia de leptospirosis con el bajo nivel socioeconómico y la vulnerabilidad sanitaria. Con respecto al dengue hay una correlación negativa por lo que la incidencia aumenta en áreas con menor vulnerabilidad social. En el presente estudio proporcionamos evidencias a favor de que el dengue es una enfermedad que afecta a sectores amplios, principalmente a aquellos con menor vulnerabilidad social y sanitaria, al contrario que la leptospirosis. Sin embargo, la atención en políticas públicas es mayor para el dengue y escasa para leptospirosis. Palabras clave: dengue, leptospirosis, epidemiologí

Seroprevalence of Chagas´Disease in older than 14 years old in rural Chaco areas of Santa Fe Province

Introduction. Chagas´Disease (CD) is endemic en Chaco Región. It is unknown the seroprevalence in population older than 14 years old from rural Chaco areas of Santa Fe Province. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of and socio-environmental factors associated with CD in inhabitants &gt;14 years old of rural Chaco areas of Santa Fe, Argentina. Methods.  A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2010 and 2015, in people over 14 years old, in the rural districts of the Chaco region, in the North of Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Blood serology for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies based on two serological tests, and a third in case of discordance, were analized. Semi-structured survey was administered. Association between CD and socio-environmental variables were analyzed using prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results. A total of 749 individual were analyzed, with an average of 29.5 years. The seroprevalence was 24.70% (26.69% in women and 20.26% in men). Socio-environmental variables showed association with Trypanosoma cruzi seropositive. The seroprevalence was 7.83 times higher in the children of mothers who had not reached secondary education. Conclusions Chaco region of Santa Fe is endemic for CD, as well as other provinces of the Region. The low level of education is the more important conditioning for this endemic disease.</p

Dengue emergence in the temperate Argentinian province of Santa Fe, 2009–2020

Dengue virus (DENV) transmission occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical climates, but within the last decade it has extended to temperate regions. Santa Fe, a temperate province in Argentina, has experienced an increase in dengue cases and virus circulation since 2009, with the recent 2020 outbreak being the largest in the province to date. The aim of this work is to describe spatio-temporal fluctuations of dengue cases from 2009 to 2020 in Santa Fe Province. The data presented in this work provide a detailed description of DENV transmission for Santa Fe Province by department. These data are useful to assist in investigating drivers of dengue emergence in Santa Fe Province and for developing a better understanding of the drivers and the impacts of ongoing dengue emergence in temperate regions across the world. This work provides data useful for future studies including those investigating socio-ecological, climatic, and environmental factors associated with DENV transmission, as well as those investigating other variables related to the biology and the ecology of vector-borne diseases.Fil: López, María S.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; ArgentinaFil: Jordan, Daniela I.. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Blatter, Evelyn. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; ArgentinaFil: Walker, Elisabet. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Gomez, Andrea Alejandra. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Müller, Gabriela V.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; ArgentinaFil: Mendicino, Diego Antonio. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Endemias Nacionales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Robert, Michael A.. Virginia Commonwealth University; Estados UnidosFil: Estallo, Elizabet Lilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; Argentin