Assessment of Renal Functions and Lesions in Dogs with Serological Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is a complex vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. In urban centers of South America, where this zoonotic cycle occurs, dogs seem to be the main reservoirs and infection sources. Animals with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) may have a wide clinical spectrum, and dogs are usually classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, and symptomatic. Several organs are affected in canine CVL, and renal involvement is often a determining factor in dog prognosis. Nevertheless, serum markers are slow to indicate loss of renal function. The aim of this studywas to evaluate kidney impairment in dogs diagnosed with CVL.Material, Methods & Results: Blood and urine samples were collected from 45 dogs from Barra Mansa-RJ, and used for urinalysis, urine protein/creatinine (UPC) ratio, and serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. The animals were classified as symptomatic (42.2%), oligosymptomatic (37.8%), and asymptomatic (20.0%). Some alterations were found in the urine samples; pale-yellow color in 17.8%, low specific gravity in 6.7%, turbidity in 51.1%, proteinuria in 80%, occult blood in 46.7%, bilirubin in 8.89%, and glucose in 6.7% of the samples. According to the UPC ratio, 60% of dogs were proteinuric, and UPC > 2.0 was high in symptomatic dogs. Azotemia was observed only in three dogs with CVL.Discussion: The majority of dogs presented one or more symptoms of CVL, as expected in an endemic area from Brazil. Pale-yellow urine was observed in some samples, and this change, when accompanied by the decreased urine specific gravity in dogs with CVL, suggests some degree of kidney disease. The presence of epithelial and red blood cells, leukocytes, bacteria, suspended mucus, and phosphate crystals that precipitate in alkaline urines could be associated, to some degree, with the urine turbidity found in the present study. The alkaline urine identified in some dogs could be related to the animals’ diet, but renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is another possible cause when referring to animals with CVL. The abnormal presence of bilirubin and glycosuria can be justified by liver damage and glomerular and tubular damage, respectively. Occult blood was found in the urine of almost half of the tested dogs, which occurred because of the presence of red blood cells in the urine sediment and hematuria in some animals, could be caused by tubular and glomerular lesions. The presence of granular and hyaline casts found in the samples reinforce the possibility of tubular injury. We found different levels of proteinuria; it was an important result, possibly caused by immune complex deposition in addition to tubular disease. Most tested dogs, including animals without clinical manifestation, were classified as proteinuric or borderline proteinuric, showing that the renal disease could be the only clinical manifestation of CVL and that it could progress from slight proteinuria to end-stage renal disease, resulting in chronic renal failure, which is the main cause of death. The UPC ratio > 2.0 was significantly the more frequent finding in this study, mainly in symptomatic dogs. This result indicates a glomerular disease in these animals, reinforcing that the progression of renal disease follows the clinical progression of CVL. A few serum samples showed increased urea and creatinine levels, proving that azotemia is an uncommon finding in CVL-infected dogs. In conclusion, urinalysis helped in the early identification of renal injury in CVL-infected dogs, highlighting elements that reinforce the presence of tubular or glomerular lesions, or both, even in non-azotemic dogs. The high frequency of symptomatic dogs with UPC ratio > 2.0 suggests a relationship between the progression of renal disease and the clinical progression of CVL

Serological survey of leptospirosis in horses with historical displacement through different geographic regions in Brazil

Leptospirosis has worldwide occurrence and shows higher incidence in tropical areas. Equines can present several serovars according to geographic region and it is important analyze de possible contribution of animal displacement on the Leptospira spp. strains occurrence. This research aimed to conduct a serological investigation in an equine regiment belonging to the Brazilian Army Guard Cavalry, resident in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro municipality, but with history of displacement between different regions in Brazil. A microscopic agglutination test was performed in a serum bank of 197 horses using 29 Leptospira spp. strains. The test showed 94.92% positivity, with 90.36% of the animals presenting a positive result for two or more serovars. Higher titers (?1:400) could be detected in 54.31% of horses for at least one serovar, whereas seropositivity for more than one bacterial type occurred mostly at lower titers (<1:400). All animals were clinically healthy. Occurrence of serogroup Icterohaemorraghiae in urban areas was confirmed; however, equine serovars Bratislava and Australis presented low frequencies. The serovars Hardjo, Wolffi, and Canicola were detected, and indicated the presence of ruminants and dogs as reservoirs in proximity in some of the places frequented by the animals. It is suggested that travel history has contributed to the high frequency found and a possible greater contact with different types of Leptospira spp. Therefore, veterinarians should consider the history of geographic displacement and other animal species coexistence with horses when conducting their clinical investigation.Leptospirosis has a worldwide occurrence and shows higher incidence in tropical areas. Equines can present several serovars according to geographic region and it is important to analyze the possible contribution of animal displacement on the Leptospira spp. strains occurrence. This research aimed to conduct a serological investigation in an equine regiment belonging to the Brazilian Army Guard Cavalry, resident in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro municipality, but with a history of displacement between different regions in Brazil. A microscopic agglutination test was performed in a serum bank of 197 horses using 29 Leptospira spp. strains. The test showed 94.92% positivity, with 89.84% of the animals presenting a positive result for two or more serovars. Higher titers (?1:400) could be detected in 57.22% of horses for at least one serovar, whereas seropositivity for more than one bacterial type occurred mostly at lower titers (<1:400). All animals were clinically healthy. The occurrence of serogroup Icterohaemorraghiae in urban areas was confirmed; however, equine serovars Bratislava and Australis presented low frequencies. The serovars Hardjo, Wolffi, and Canicola were detected and indicated the presence of ruminants and dogs as typical reservoirs in proximity to the equines. It is suggested that travel history has contributed to the high frequency found and possible greater contact with different types of Leptospira spp. Therefore, veterinarians should consider the history of geographic displacement and other animal species’ coexistence with horses when conducting their clinical investigation

Serological survey of leptospirosis in horses with historical displacement through different geographic regions in Brazil

Leptospirosis has worldwide occurrence and shows higher incidence in tropical areas. Equines can present several serovars according to geographic region and it is important analyze de possible contribution of animal displacement on the Leptospira spp. strains occurrence. This research aimed to conduct a serological investigation in an equine regiment belonging to the Brazilian Army Guard Cavalry, resident in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro municipality, but with history of displacement between different regions in Brazil. A microscopic agglutination test was performed in a serum bank of 197 horses using 29 Leptospira spp. strains. The test showed 94.92% positivity, with 90.36% of the animals presenting a positive result for two or more serovars. Higher titers (?1:400) could be detected in 54.31% of horses for at least one serovar, whereas seropositivity for more than one bacterial type occurred mostly at lower titers (<1:400). All animals were clinically healthy. Occurrence of serogroup Icterohaemorraghiae in urban areas was confirmed; however, equine serovars Bratislava and Australis presented low frequencies. The serovars Hardjo, Wolffi, and Canicola were detected, and indicated the presence of ruminants and dogs as reservoirs in proximity in some of the places frequented by the animals. It is suggested that travel history has contributed to the high frequency found and a possible greater contact with different types of Leptospira spp. Therefore, veterinarians should consider the history of geographic displacement and other animal species coexistence with horses when conducting their clinical investigation

First autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In Brazil, American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is caused byLeishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and its main vector isLutzomyia longipalpis. Cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in non-endemic areas have been reported over the last few years throughout the country. The objective of this research note is to describe an autochthonous case of CVL that occurred in the municipality of Volta Redonda, state of Rio de Janeiro, an area where the disease is not endemic, alerting veterinarians and the scientific community to the expansion of this important zoonosis and advising veterinary practitioners on how to deal with a suspicion of CVL. Canine visceral leishmaniasis can be misdiagnosed within a broad spectrum of canine diseases based on clinical and laboratory findings. Therefore, knowledge of its clinical manifestations, specific and sensitive laboratory diagnostic tests and parasitological procedures are of the utmost importance for rapid confirmation and notification of a case, thus contributing directly to the control of a focus

Canine visceral leishmaniasis: alochthonous case in Resende municipality, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Submitted by Repositório Arca ([email protected]) on 2019-04-24T17:19:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-10-04T12:55:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ve_ Vasconcelos_Tassia_etal_INI_2013.pdf: 528715 bytes, checksum: 427aeaa042feaac6242f0e1df836a7ac (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ve_ Vasconcelos_Tassia_etal_INI_2013.pdf: 528715 bytes, checksum: 427aeaa042feaac6242f0e1df836a7ac (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Universidade Federal Fluminense. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária. Niterói, RJ, Brasil / Prefeitura Municipal de Resende. Centro de Controle de Zoonoses. Vigilância em Saúde. Resende, RJ, Brasil.Prefeitura Municipal de Resende. Centro de Controle de Zoonoses. Vigilância em Saúde. Resende, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma endemia em franca expansão geográfica. Este relato apresenta um caso de importação de LV canina para o município de Resende, estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde não havia até o momento registro de casos humanos ou caninos da parasitose. O animal era oriundo do estado de Minas Gerais, área endêmica de LV, e apresentou clínica compatível com o processo patológico em questão. O diagnóstico foi realizado por meio de avaliação sorológica com o teste rápido imunocromatográfico DPP® (Dual Path Platform) e teste de ELISA, ambos com resultado positivo, além de cultura parasitológica em Meio NNN acrescido de meio Schneider a partir de punções de medula óssea e linfonodos, biópsias de pele íntegra, lesões cutâneas, linfonodo e baço, obtendo-se o isolamento de formas promastigotas compatíveis com Leishmania spp., com posterior caracterização de Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi através de eletroforese de isoenzimas. O levantamento entomológico com utilização de armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC, realizado no peridomicílio três vezes por semana durante três meses, não evidenciou a presença de flebotomíneos, e o inquérito sorológico canino, procedido em 144 animais ao redor da residência do caso positivo de LV, descartou novos casos da parasitose por meio do teste rápido imunocromatográfico DPP® e/ou confirmação por ELISA. Os resultados e o histórico de deslocamento do animal caracterizam o caso como alóctone, expõem a fragilidade em relação ao controle de trânsito de animais e ressaltam a importância das ações de Vigilância para a parasitose em áreas indenes.The visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic parasitosis in intense geographic spread. This report presents a case of canine VL importation for the city of Resende, state of Rio de Janeiro, where had not been reported cases of human or canine disease yet. The animal was from Minas Gerais state, endemic area for VL, and showed compatible clinical signs of this disease. The diagnosis was made by serology with DPP ® (DUAL PATH PLATFORM) immunochromatographic rapid test and ELISA, both with positive results, as well as by parasitological culture in NNN medium plus Schneider’s medium. For parasitological culture, samples from puncture of bone marrow and lymph node and biopsies of intact skin, skin lesions, lymph node and spleen were examined and resulted in isolation of promastigotes characterized as Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. The entomological survey, which was made at peridomicile using CDC light traps, three times a week for three months, did not find sandflies. Additionally, the canine serosurvey conducted in 144 animals around the residence with positive case of LV did not show new cases through rapid immunochromatographic test DPP ® and/or through confirmation by ELISA. The results and moving historical of the animal characterize the case as alochthonous, expose the fragility of movement control of animals and highlight the importance of the surveillance for parasitosis in areas unaffected

An autochthonous case of visceral canine leishmaniasis in Barra do Piraí-RJ

Visceral Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania chagasi, is a re-emergent anthropozoonosis, considered a major public health problem. In the urban area, the dog (Canis familiaris) is the main source of infection and canine enzootia has preceded the occurrence of human cases, in which infection in dogs has been more prevalent than in humans. In this context, the present study reports the occurrence of an autochthonous case of Visceral Canine Leishmaniasis in Barra do Piraí, RJ. After verification of a clinic compatible with canine visceral leishmaniasis, several diagnostic exams were performed, such as cytological examination of the ear tip and lymph node puncture, rapid immunochromatographic test DPP® (Dual Path Platform), ELISA, RIFI and culture of material obtained from of skin biopsy, lymph node and bone marrow puncture. With the clinical, serological and parasitological confirmation of Leishmania spp. the dog’s owner chose to euthanize this animal and 3 months later, another positive animal residing in the same place. Based on this report, it is necessary to implement the entomological and epidemiological surveillance in the county of Barra do Piraí, in order to detect the presence of the vector and / or canine enzootia prior to the installation of the anthropozoonotic cycle, allowing to adopt actions to control the disease and the occurrence of the disease in humans

First autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In Brazil, American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is caused byLeishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and its main vector isLutzomyia longipalpis. Cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in non-endemic areas have been reported over the last few years throughout the country. The objective of this research note is to describe an autochthonous case of CVL that occurred in the municipality of Volta Redonda, state of Rio de Janeiro, an area where the disease is not endemic, alerting veterinarians and the scientific community to the expansion of this important zoonosis and advising veterinary practitioners on how to deal with a suspicion of CVL. Canine visceral leishmaniasis can be misdiagnosed within a broad spectrum of canine diseases based on clinical and laboratory findings. Therefore, knowledge of its clinical manifestations, specific and sensitive laboratory diagnostic tests and parasitological procedures are of the utmost importance for rapid confirmation and notification of a case, thus contributing directly to the control of a focus

Outbreak of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro

Submitted by Rodrigo Senorans ([email protected]) on 2015-05-22T16:42:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Outbreak of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro.pdf: 692413 bytes, checksum: d91184a04249d6aa693f1a167841a542 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Anderson Silva ([email protected]) on 2015-05-25T11:53:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Outbreak of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro.pdf: 692413 bytes, checksum: d91184a04249d6aa693f1a167841a542 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Anderson Silva ([email protected]) on 2015-05-25T11:53:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Outbreak of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro.pdf: 692413 bytes, checksum: d91184a04249d6aa693f1a167841a542 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-25T15:45:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Outbreak of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro.pdf: 692413 bytes, checksum: d91184a04249d6aa693f1a167841a542 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) e Prefeitura Municipal de Barra Mansa.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilIntroduction: In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has spread to various regions. This study reports canine cases of VL in Barra Mansa, where human VL cases were recently reported. Methods: Using the human index case, a canine survey was performed by dual-path platform immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seropositive animals were euthanized. Cultures were collected to detect Leishmania parasites. Results: Serological tests detected 141 canine VL cases, and Leishmania chagasi were isolated from 82.2% animals. Conclusions: Leishmania chagasi is in circulation in Barra Mansa. This study broadens information on the parasite’s distribution in the State of Rio de Janeiro

Report of new cases of Trypanosoma caninum in Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma caninum is a protozoan species recently described in dogs, whose occurrence has been reported in areas of overlap with visceral leishmaniasis. METHODS: Trypanosoma sp. were isolated from nine dogs and characterized by molecular methods. RESULTS: PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of T. caninum in all dogs, revealing two new areas of transmission: Barra Mansa and S&#227;o Jo&#227;o do Piau&#237;. CONCLUSIONS: The nine new cases described, when added to those already published, account for 62 cases of natural infection by T. caninum and show the geographical spread of this species to new areas, where other trypanosomatids circulate