2,119 research outputs found
Search for plasma oscillations stimulated by a pre-bunched electron beam from the Rensselaer linear accelerator
Argon plasma oscillations stimulated by high energy pre-bunched electron beam from linear accelerato
Atmospheric neutrons
Contributions to fast neutron measurements in the atmosphere are outlined. The results of a calculation to determine the production, distribution and final disappearance of atmospheric neutrons over the entire spectrum are presented. An attempt is made to answer questions that relate to processes such as neutron escape from the atmosphere and C-14 production. In addition, since variations of secondary neutrons can be related to variations in the primary radiation, comment on the modulation of both radiation components is made
The Epiregolith
The physical properties of the lunar regolith were originally inferred from remotely sensed data, first from the Earth and later from orbiting spacecraft. The Surveyor landings and the Apollo surface explorations produced a more concrete characterization of the macroscopic properties. In general, the upper regolith consists of a loosely consolidated layer centimeters thick underlain by a particulate but extremely compacted layer to depths of meters or tens of meters. The median particle size as determined by mechanical sieving in terrestrial laboratories is several tens of micrometers. However, the comminuting processes that form the layer produce particles in all sizes down to manometers. The smallest particles, having a high surface to volume ratio, tend to be electrostatically bound to larger particles and are quite difficult to separate mechanically in the laboratory. Particle size distributions determined from lunar soil samples often group particles smaller than 10 micrometers
Role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in mammalian spinal cord.
Chronic unilateral hemisection (HX) of the adult rat spinal cord diminishes conduction through intact fibers in the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) contralateral to HX. Intraspinal injections of Chondroitinase-ABC, known to digest chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the vicinity of injury, prevented this decline of axonal conduction. This was associated with improved locomotor function. We further injected three purified CSPGs into the lateral column of the uninjured cord at T10: NG2 and neurocan, which increase in the vicinity of a spinal injury, and aggrecan, which decreases. Intraspinal injection of NG2 acutely depressed axonal conduction through the injection region in a dose dependent manner. Similar injections of saline, aggrecan, or neurocan had no significant effect. These results identify a novel acute action of CSPGs on axonal conduction in spinal cord, and suggest that antagonism of proteoglycans reverses or prevents the decline of axonal conduction, in addition to stimulating axonal growth
R-Modes in Superfluid Neutron Stars
The analogs of r-modes in superfluid neutron stars are studied here. These
modes, which are governed primarily by the Coriolis force, are identical to
their ordinary-fluid counterparts at the lowest order in the small
angular-velocity expansion used here. The equations that determine the next
order terms are derived and solved numerically for fairly realistic superfluid
neutron-star models. The damping of these modes by superfluid ``mutual
friction'' (which vanishes at the lowest order in this expansion) is found to
have a characteristic time-scale of about 10^4 s for the m=2 r-mode in a
``typical'' superfluid neutron-star model. This time-scale is far too long to
allow mutual friction to suppress the recently discovered gravitational
radiation driven instability in the r-modes. However, the strength of the
mutual friction damping depends very sensitively on the details of the
neutron-star core superfluid. A small fraction of the presently acceptable
range of superfluid models have characteristic mutual friction damping times
that are short enough (i.e. shorter than about 5 s) to suppress the
gravitational radiation driven instability completely.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure
The r-modes in accreting neutron stars with magneto-viscous boundary layers
We explore the dynamics of the r-modes in accreting neutron stars in two
ways. First, we explore how dissipation in the magneto-viscous boundary layer
(MVBL) at the crust-core interface governs the damping of r-mode perturbations
in the fluid interior. Two models are considered: one assuming an
ordinary-fluid interior, the other taking the core to consist of superfluid
neutrons, type II superconducting protons, and normal electrons. We show,
within our approximations, that no solution to the magnetohydrodynamic
equations exists in the superfluid model when both the neutron and proton
vortices are pinned. However, if just one species of vortex is pinned, we can
find solutions. When the neutron vortices are pinned and the proton vortices
are unpinned there is much more dissipation than in the ordinary-fluid model,
unless the pinning is weak. When the proton vortices are pinned and the neutron
vortices are unpinned the dissipation is comparable or slightly less than that
for the ordinary-fluid model, even when the pinning is strong. We also find in
the superfluid model that relatively weak radial magnetic fields ~ 10^9 G (10^8
K / T)^2 greatly affect the MVBL, though the effects of mutual friction tend to
counteract the magnetic effects. Second, we evolve our two models in time,
accounting for accretion, and explore how the magnetic field strength, the
r-mode saturation amplitude, and the accretion rate affect the cyclic evolution
of these stars. If the r-modes control the spin cycles of accreting neutron
stars we find that magnetic fields can affect the clustering of the spin
frequencies of low mass x-ray binaries (LMXBs) and the fraction of these that
are currently emitting gravitational waves.Comment: 19 pages, 8 eps figures, RevTeX; corrected minor typos and added a
referenc
Improving LIGO calibration accuracy by tracking and compensating for slow temporal variations
Calibration of the second-generation LIGO interferometric gravitational-wave
detectors employs a method that uses injected periodic modulations to track and
compensate for slow temporal variations in the differential length response of
the instruments. These detectors utilize feedback control loops to maintain
resonance conditions by suppressing differential arm length variations. We
describe how the sensing and actuation functions of these servo loops are
parameterized and how the slow variations in these parameters are quantified
using the injected modulations. We report the results of applying this method
to the LIGO detectors and show that it significantly reduces systematic errors
in their calibrated outputs.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures. This is an author-created, un-copyedited version
of an article published in Classical and Quantum Gravity. IOP Publishing Ltd
is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the
manuscript or any version derived from i
Edoxaban: an update on the new oral direct factor Xa inhibitor.
Edoxaban is a once-daily oral anticoagulant that rapidly and selectively inhibits factor Xa in a concentration-dependent manner. This review describes the extensive clinical development program of edoxaban, including phase III studies in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE). The ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 study (NÂ =Â 21,105; mean CHADS2 score 2.8) compared edoxaban 60Â mg once daily (high-dose regimen) and edoxaban 30Â mg once daily (low-dose regimen) with dose-adjusted warfarin [international normalized ratio (INR) 2.0-3.0] and found that both regimens were non-inferior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with NVAF. Both edoxaban regimens also provided significant reductions in the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, cardiovascular mortality, major bleeding and intracranial bleeding. The Hokusai-VTE study (NÂ =Â 8,292) in patients with symptomatic VTE had a flexible treatment duration of 3-12Â months and found that following initial heparin, edoxaban 60Â mg once daily was non-inferior to dose-adjusted warfarin (INR 2.0-3.0) for the prevention of recurrent VTE, and also had a significantly lower risk of bleeding events. Both studies randomized patients at moderate-to-high risk of thromboembolic events and were further designed to simulate routine clinical practice as much as possible, with edoxaban dose reduction (halving dose) at randomisation or during the study if required, a frequently monitored and well-controlled warfarin group, a well-monitored transition period at study end and a flexible treatment duration in Hokusai-VTE. Given the phase III results obtained, once-daily edoxaban may soon be a key addition to the range of antithrombotic treatment options
Relativistic Stellar Pulsations With Near-Zone Boundary Conditions
A new method is presented here for evaluating approximately the pulsation
modes of relativistic stellar models. This approximation relies on the fact
that gravitational radiation influences these modes only on timescales that are
much longer than the basic hydrodynamic timescale of the system. This makes it
possible to impose the boundary conditions on the gravitational potentials at
the surface of the star rather than in the asymptotic wave zone of the
gravitational field. This approximation is tested here by predicting the
frequencies of the outgoing non-radial hydrodynamic modes of non-rotating
stars. The real parts of the frequencies are determined with an accuracy that
is better than our knowledge of the exact frequencies (about 0.01%) except in
the most relativistic models where it decreases to about 0.1%. The imaginary
parts of the frequencies are determined with an accuracy of approximately M/R,
where M is the mass and R is the radius of the star in question.Comment: 10 pages (REVTeX 3.1), 5 figs., 1 table, fixed minor typos, published
in Phys. Rev. D 56, 2118 (1997
Reconstructing the calibrated strain signal in the Advanced LIGO detectors
Advanced LIGO's raw detector output needs to be calibrated to compute
dimensionless strain h(t). Calibrated strain data is produced in the time
domain using both a low-latency, online procedure and a high-latency, offline
procedure. The low-latency h(t) data stream is produced in two stages, the
first of which is performed on the same computers that operate the detector's
feedback control system. This stage, referred to as the front-end calibration,
uses infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering and performs all operations at a
16384 Hz digital sampling rate. Due to several limitations, this procedure
currently introduces certain systematic errors in the calibrated strain data,
motivating the second stage of the low-latency procedure, known as the
low-latency gstlal calibration pipeline. The gstlal calibration pipeline uses
finite impulse response (FIR) filtering to apply corrections to the output of
the front-end calibration. It applies time-dependent correction factors to the
sensing and actuation components of the calibrated strain to reduce systematic
errors. The gstlal calibration pipeline is also used in high latency to
recalibrate the data, which is necessary due mainly to online dropouts in the
calibrated data and identified improvements to the calibration models or
filters.Comment: 20 pages including appendices and bibliography. 11 Figures. 3 Table
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