“Y vienen ofreciéndote de todo, hasta despensas a cambio del voto.” El clientelismo político y la exclusión social en el ámbito rural en Zacatecas

El fenómeno del clientelismo político como objeto de estudio, guarda una conexión simétrica con la desigualdad económica y social, los procesos de exclusión, la democracia y la pobreza. De acuerdo con Ugalde citado en Mata (2019), el clientelismo político es la entrega de prebendas, cargos públicos y recursos por parte de políticos y candidatos a cambio de recibir apoyo político y/o económico; puede generase de dos formas: 1) que sea voluntario —mediante la compra del voto— o involuntario —por la vía de mecanismos de coacción—. Asimismo, Mata (2019) agrega que, en México el clientelismo político se refiere principalmente “a la compra, coacción y movilización del voto, también se suma el condicionamiento de los programas sociales y de concesiones o licencias a cambio del sufragio por un partido” (p.907). El clientelismo político está presente en muchos países, pero con diferentes matices o formas de operar, asimismo, está contextualizado en el ámbito rural como urbano y es durante los últimos años que habido un auge del problema en los países latinoamericanos. Aquí se trata de aproximar, a un entorno cercano a los estudios de América Latina y particularmente en México. En el cual los mecanismos del clientelismo han formado procesos de clientela y jerarquías propias que emanan de las características de la población excluida, primordialmente, en este caso se hace un acercamiento al ámbito rural. Para contextualizar el fenómeno del clientelismo político, en los siguientes párrafos se intentará relacionar éste con la exclusión social y en efecto la existencia de ambos en las localidades de Ex-Hacienda de Gruñidora e Ignacio Allende, ubicadas en el municipio de Mazapil

Inhibición de Helicobacter pylori por nanopartículas de plata funcionalizadas con Mentha piperita

Helicobacter pylori es un microorganismo implicado en padecimientos gástricos, como gastritis, úlcera péptica y cáncer de estómago; el tratamiento de elección consiste en la administración de una combinación de fármacos y antibióticos inhibidores de la bomba de protones y sales de bismuto. Sin embargo esta bacteria ha desarrollado resistencia ante estos medicamentos, por lo que es necesaria la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos activos que inhiban su crecimiento y colonización. Las nanopartículas de plata (Np-Ag), en conjunto con extractos de plantas, se presentan como una alternativa a esta problemática. Las plantas han sido de gran interés debido a la composición tan abundante de sustancias que poseen y que han sido evaluadas contra diversos microorganismos patógenos, sobre los que mostraron su efectividad para inhibirlos. La síntesis de nanopartículas ha sido ampliamente establecida en los últimos años, para una gran diversidad de áreas y aplicaciones.Trabajo publicado en Acta Bioquímica Clínica Latinoamericana; no. 52, supl. 2, parte II, diciembre de 2018.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Development and evaluation of a nanofiber membrane in vitro as a therapeutic alternative for the post treatment in breast cancer cell in a murine model

Worldwide female breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases in 2020, reason for the need of targeted therapies that can maximize treatment success and minimize toxicity. Nanoparticles of gold (AuNps) exhibit cytotoxic properties against certain types of cancer cell lines. Nanofibers have been use in the drug delivery systems due to its degradability and high surface area. We proposed a membrane with nanometric fibers using polivinilic alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (Qts) loaded with AuNps and Doxorubicin (Doxo) with the purpose of diminish tumor regression. PVA-Qts membrane was develop with electrospinning, the injection, voltage, distance and relative humidity parameters were standardized and it were characterized by Microscopic Atomic Force. The cytotoxicity with a median lethal dose (DL50) in two cell lines, breast adenocarcinoma murine (4T1) and murine fibroblast (NiH3T3) as a healthy control were evaluated. AuNps had a size of 3 nanometers (nm) with a Z potential of 13.2 mVolts and a DL50 of 75 µM in the cell line 4T1. Doxo was decrease in 95% with a final concentration of 0.03 mg/cm2. Both doses were loaded in the PVA-Qts solution. PVA-Qts-Doxo and PVA-Qts-AuNps-Doxo decrease the viability in 4T1 in 24 hours with a 15%, 72 hours with a 28%, the first with 60% and the latter with 82%. PVA-Qts-Doxo and PVA-Qts-AuNps-Doxo in NiH3T3 diminish incrementing with the time reaching a 40% in 120 hours. Finally, The viability for 4T1 cultured on PVA-Qts-Doxo was minor than in NiH3T3. The amount of Doxo in the membrane synthetized was 95% less than the employ doses, demonstrating that the fiber improves the delivery of the chemotherapeutic in a palatine time

Isolation ofBdellovibriosp. from soil samples in Mexico and their potential applications in control of pathogens

In this study, two strains of Bdellovibrio were isolated from soil samples using the culture-dependent technique and two members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella sp. and Salmonella sp.) as prey. The Bdellovibrio strains were bacteriolytic, plaque-forming, and highly motile gram-negative bacteria. We identified and confirmed the Bdellovibrio strains using microscopy, PCR amplification, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. They were observed to be different strains based on hit locus and prey range analyses. Here, the first report on Bdellovibrio strains isolated from soil in Mexico corroborates earlier report indicating that populations of Bdellovibrio found in soil are heterogeneous thereby the need to identify the various strains

Presence of Circulating miR-145, miR-155, and miR-382 in Exosomes Isolated from Serum of Breast Cancer Patients and Healthy Donors

miR-145, miR-155, and miR-382 have been proposed as noninvasive biomarkers to distinguish breast cancer patients from healthy individuals. However, it is unknown if these three miRNAs are secreted by exosomes. Thus, we hypothesized that miR-145, miR-155, and miR-382 in breast cancer patients are present in exosomes. We isolated exosomes from serum of breast cancer patients and healthy donors, then we characterized them according to their shape, size, and exosome markers by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blot and determined the exosome concentration in all samples by NTA. Later, exosomal small RNA extraction was done to determine the expression levels of miR-145, miR-155, and miR-382 by qRT-PCR. We observed a round shape of exosomes with a mean size of 119.84 nm in breast cancer patients and 115.4 nm in healthy donors. All exosomes present the proteins CD63, Alix, Tsg, CD9, and CD81 commonly used as markers. Moreover, we found a significantly high concentration of exosomes in breast cancer patients with stages I, III, and IV compared to healthy donors. We detected miR-145, miR-155, and miR-382 in the exosomes isolated from serum of breast cancer patients and healthy donors. Our results show that the exosomes isolated from the serum of breast cancer patients and healthy donors contains miR-145, miR-155, and miR-382 but not in a selective manner in breast cancer patients. Moreover, our data support the association between exosome concentration and the presence of breast cancer, opening the possibility to study how miRNAs packaged into exosomes play a role in BC progression