9 research outputs found
Circulating Strains of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Central and South America
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections among infants and young children. HRSV strains vary genetically and antigenically and have been classified into two broad subgroups, A and B (HRSV-A and HRSV-B, respectively). To date, little is known about the circulating strains of HRSV in Latin America. We have evaluated the genetic diversity of 96 HRSV strains by sequencing a variable region of the G protein gene of isolates collected from 2007 to 2009 in Central and South America. Our results show the presence of the two antigenic subgroups of HRSV during this period with the majority belonging to the genotype HRSV-A2
Eficacia del tratamiento de aguas residuales de la Universidad de Costa Rica en la Sede de Occidente, San RamĂłn, Costa Rica
Wastewater treatment aims to ensure that the effluents from domestic and indusÂtrial processes are disposed without endangering human health and with the least possible effect on the environment. In Costa Rica, the sewerage system covers only a part of the population (less than 25 %), so that many households, industries, as well as public and private instiÂtutions, have their own treatment systems. In this work, we evaluated the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant at the Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede de Occidente campus (PTAR-SO). This mostly due to an increasing concern that PTAR-SO was not complying with the paÂrameters established by the Costa Rican legislation and it might be polluting the Quebrada El Estero in San RamĂłn, Costa Rica. For this purpose, effluent quality monitoring was carried out during a period of 12 months. It measured the nine universal parameters for wastewaÂter: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Fats and Oils (FyO), Potential Hydrogen (pH), Sedimentary Solids (S. sed), Active Substances to Methylene Blue (ASMB), temperature (C°), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and flow (Q). The laboratory results obÂtained suggests that PTAR-SO wastewater treatment plant operates and complies with the parameters allowed by the binding legislation. Also, when PTAR-SO parameters were compared to those obtained by a more modern treatment plant with maintenance and operation adapting, no significant differences were found among them, with the exception of S. sed and C°. Therefore, we can conclude that PTAR-SO complies with the parameters established in the national legislation and its effluents are not significantly harming any ecosystem nor the health of people.El tratamiento de aguas residuales tiene por objetivo lograr que los efluentes de los procesos domĂ©sticos e industriales sean disÂpuestos sin peligro para la salud humana y con la menor afectaciĂłn poÂsible para el ambiente. En Costa Rica el sistema de alcantarillado cubre solamente una parte de la poblaciĂłn (menos del 25 %), por lo que muÂchos hogares, industrias e instituciones pĂşblicas y privadas poseen sus propios sistemas de tratamiento. En este trabajo se evaluĂł la eficiencia de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la Sede de Occidente de la Universidad de Costa Rica (PTAR-SO), pues existĂa la preocupaciĂłn de que el mismo no estuviera cumpliendo con los parámetros estableÂcidos por la legislaciĂłn costarricense y con ello se estuviera afectando a la quebrada El Estero en San RamĂłn, Costa Rica. Durante un perĂodo de 12 meses, se llevĂł a cabo un monitoreo de la calidad del efluente, en el cual se midieron los nueve parámetros universales para las aguas residuales: Demanda BioquĂmica de Oxigeno (DBO), Demanda QuĂmica de OxĂgeno (DQO), Grasas y Aceites (GyA), Potencial HidrĂłgeno (pH), SĂłlidos Sedimentables (S.sed), Sustancias Activas al Azul de Metileno (SAAM), Temperatura (C°), SĂłlidos Suspendidos Totales (SST) y el Caudal (Q). Los resultados obtenidos del laboratorio permiten afirmar que la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales bajo estudio cumple con los parámetros permitidos por la legislaciĂłn vinculante. Asimismo, al comparar los valores obtenidos, con los de otra planta de tratamienÂto, más moderna y con mantenimiento y funcionamiento adecuando, no se hallaron diferencias estadĂsticamente significativas, excepto en S.sed y C°. Por lo tanto se concluye que la PTAR-SO cumple con los paÂrámetros establecidos en la legislaciĂłn nacional, lo cual garantiza que no haya afectaciĂłn significativa a ningĂşn ecosistema, ni a la salud de las personas
Derechos humanos y medios de capacitaciĂłn dirigidos a los profesionales en derecho.
Trabajo final de graduaciĂłn de 55 páginas en formato pdfLa conveniencia del estudio de marras es motivada por la emersiĂłn del menester de promover programas de capacitaciĂłn y concientizar a los profesionales en derecho, dado a que no existe uniformidad de criterios entre dichos profesionales en cuanto al ejercicio de los Derechos Humanos, ni una comprensiĂłn holĂstica que es imperativa para respaldar a los grupos o movimientos sociales que pugnan por el reconocimiento y Ă©gida de estos derechos. Como verbigracia praxiolĂłgica puede citarse el carácter de irrenunciabilidad de los Derechos Humanos concernientes al trabajo, carácter que incluso es del conocimiento por parte de una gran mayorĂa de profesionales en derecho que además logran identificar los instrumentos internacionales pertinentes, y a pesar de ello consienten una serie de inobservancias e incumplimientos por un cierto grado de desconocimiento de su interpretaciĂłn y ejecuciĂłn, al momento de redactar el cuerpo normativo de un contrato de trabajo o al redactar una carta de finiquito laboral, en donde disponen mediante una cláusula la renuncia de derechos cuya naturaleza carece de disponibilidad por parte del trabajador, y el mismo encontrándose bajo un estado de ignorancia e incomprensiĂłn de los trámites supra citados, suscribe lo redactado en dichos documentos y que por lo general son adverados y ratificados por un fedatario pĂşblico quien en supuesto confirma la legalidad en dichos actosUniversidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Ric
Genetic Analysis of Influenza A/H1N1 of Swine Origin Virus (SOIV) Circulating in Central and South America
Since the first detection of swine origin virus (SOIV) on March 28, 2009, the virus has spread worldwide and oseltamivir-resistant strains have already been identified in the past months. Here, we show the phylogenetic analysis of 63 SOIV isolates from eight countries in Central and South America, and their sensitivity to oseltamivir
Number of Samples by Country.
<p>The number of total participants, HRSV-positive samples by immunofluorescence, and the sequenced samples for each country.</p
HRSV subgroup A Phylogenetic Tree.
<p>601 nucleotides of the G protein gene were amplified, sequenced, and compared to published sequences from GenBank. We have labeled the samples according to the following format: “Sample code/Country of collection/Month- Year of collection”. The number of strains with identical sequences is shown in parenthesis to the right of one representative strain. The comparison sequences are complete genome sequences from GenBank, these are presented in the following format: “Strain Number/GenBank Accession Number in Bold”. Nucleotide sequences were aligned by using Clustal X. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Kimura two-parameter model as a model of nucleotide substitution and using the neighbor-joining method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees (MEGA version 2.1).</p
HRSV subgroups by Year.
<p>The number of samples for each HRSV subgroup (A and B) per year. For years 2007 and 2008, the month of collection are from January to December. For year 2009, the months of collection are from January to June.</p
HRSV subgroup B Phylogenetic Tree.
<p>630 nucleotides of the variable region of G protein gene were amplified, sequenced, and compared to published sequences from GenBank. Labeling and analysis were performed as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0022111#pone-0022111-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>.</p