Equilíbrio hídrico e balanço redox durante exercício no calor em humanos : o papel dos eritrócitos na defesa antioxidante

Introdução geral: Os radicais livres são átomos ou moléculas altamente reativas e suscetíveis a interagirem e modificarem com outras moléculas. Além dos radicais livres, existem as espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) que em níveis elevados podem promover desequilíbrio redox, responsável por comprometer a estrutura e o funcionamento celular. Dessa forma, mecanismos de defesa antioxidante agem para reduzir o estresse oxidativo provocado pelo desequilíbrio entre agentes pró e antioxidantes em favor do pró - oxidantes. A glutationa (GSH) é um importante sistema de defesa antioxidante. O exercício físico induz a formação de ERO e desse modo gera modificações no metabolismo da GSH. Ao mesmo tempo, a hipertermia e desidratação também são apontadas por contribuir no metabolismo da GSH. No entanto ainda não está claro, além das fontes já conhecidas de liberação de GSH (hepatócitos) se outros tecidos, como os eritrócitos, contribuem nos níveis circulantes de GSH. Objetivo revisão sistemática: Avaliar as respostas de marcadores pro e antioxidantes do exercício associado a hipertermia e desidratação. Métodos revisão sistemática: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases MEDLINE, Cochrane Wiley, Clinical Trials.gov, PEDRO e LILACS. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que investigaram indivíduos jovens saudáveis sobre as respostas pró e antioxidante do exercício associadas ao calor (hipertermia) e / ou exercício associado à desidratação. Dois revisores independentes extraíram os dados e avaliaram a qualidade dos estudos incluídos. Resultados revisão sistemática: Um total de 1.014 artigos foram selecionados, nove artigos completos foram avaliados para elegibilidade, e oito artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Estudos que investigam os efeitos do exercício associado a hipertermia indicam que o exercício no calor pode promover adaptações na defesa antioxidante, reduzindo os efeitos negativos do calor isolado sobre a resposta oxidativa. Por outro lado, estudos mostram que a desidratação induzida pelo exercício aumenta os marcadores pró-oxidantes e é atenuada pela reidratação. Objetivos artigo original: Investigar os efeitos do exercício no calor com e sem desidratação (em humanos) e do estresse térmico isolado nos eritrócitos (in vitro) sobre o metabolismo da GSH. Métodos artigo original: Dez homens fisicamente ativos realizaram exercício em quatro condições experimentais: termoneutro + euhidratação (T-EU); termoneutro + desidratação (T-DE); calor + euhidratação (C-EU); calor + desidratação (C-DE). As temperaturas das condições termoneutro e calor foram, respectivamente, de 23°C e 38°C. Os participantes realizaram exercício de intensidade moderada (60% VO2pico) durante 60 minutos. A gravidade específica da urina foi analisada no início de cada visita. A frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal foram monitorados continuamente durante o exercício. Os registros da massa corporal para determinar o percentual de desidratação foram realizados pré e pós o exercício. Coletas de sangue foram realizadas para mensurar a glutationa reduzida (GSH) e glutationa oxidada (GSSG) circulantes. Para a visita de coleta de sangue para realizar o aquecimento dos eritrócitos, o sangue foi coletado e separado em tubos, organizados nas condições de aquecimento: a 35°C e a 41°C. Após exposição ao calor, o plasma e os eritrócitos foram extraídos para análises de GSH e GSSG. Resultados artigo original: Os resultados da temperatura corporal e do percentual de desidratação nas condições de exercício obtiveram aumentos significativos em todas as visitas. A frequência cardíaca teve aumento significativo nas condições calor comparada as condições termoneutro. A desidratação promoveu reduções significativas na GSH, independentemente da temperatura ambiente, resultando na alteração do balanço redox. Para os resultados da exposição isolada dos eritrócitos, o estresse térmico promoveu aumento dos níveis de GSH. Considerações finais: O exercício de intensidade moderada no calor previne as alterações no balanço redox, na ausência de desidratação. Sugere-se que a manutenção do equilíbrio redox durante o exercício moderado no calor tem contribuição dos eritrócitos com a liberação de GSH.General background: Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules that are susceptible to interact and modify with other molecules. In addition to free radicals, there are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that at high levels may promote redox imbalance, which is responsible for compromising cell structure and function. Thus, antioxidant defense mechanisms act to reduce oxidative stress caused by the imbalance between pro and antioxidant agents in favor of pro- oxidants. Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant defense system. Physical exercise induces the formation of ROS and thus generates changes in GSH metabolism. At the same time, hyperthermia and dehydration are also reported to contribute to GSH metabolism. However, it is not yet clear beyond the known sources of GSH (hepatocyte) release whether other tissues, such as erythrocytes, contribute to circulating levels of GSH. Objective systematic review: The aim to verify the pro and antioxidant responses during exercise associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. Methods systematic review: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Wiley, Clinical Trials.gov, PEDRO and LILACS. We included clinical trials that investigated healthy young individuals on the pro and antioxidant responses of exercise associated with heat (hyperthermia) and / or exercise associated with dehydration. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies. Results systematic review: A total of 1,014 records were selected, nine full papers were evaluated for eligibility, and eight papers met the inclusion criteria. Studies investigating the effects of exercise associated with hyperthermia indicate that exercise in heat may promote adaptations in antioxidant defense, reducing the negative effects of isolated heat on the oxidative response. On the other hand, studies show that exercise-induced dehydration increases pro-oxidant markers and is attenuated by rehydration. Objectives original article: The aims were to investigate the effects of exercise on heat with and without dehydration (in humans) and isolated thermal stress in erythrocytes (in vitro) on GSH metabolism. Methods original article: Ten physically active men performed exercise under four trials: thermoneutral + euhydration (T-EU); thermoneutral + dehydration (T-DE); heat + euhydration (H-EU); heat + dehydration (H-DE). The temperatures of the thermoneutral and heat conditions were, respectively, 23 °C and 38 °C. Participants performed moderate intensity exercise (60% VO2peak) for 60 minutes. The specific gravity of urine was analyzed at the beginning of each trials. Heart rate and rectal temperature were monitored throughout trials. Body mass records to determine the percentage of dehydration were measured before and after exercise. Blood samples were taken to measure circulating reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). For the blood collection visit to warm the erythrocytes, the blood was collected and separated into tubes, organized under warming conditions: at 35 ° C and at 41 ° C . After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analysis. Results original article: Results of body temperature and dehydration percentage under exercise conditions showed significant increases in all trials. Heart rate had a significant increase in heat conditions compared to thermoneutral conditions. Dehydration promoted significant reductions in GSH, regardless of ambient temperature, resulting in redox imbalance. For the results of isolated erythrocyte exposure, thermal stress promoted increased GSH levels. Conclusions: Moderate exercise in the heat prevents changes in the redox balance, in the absence of dehydration. It is suggested that maintaining redox balance during moderate exercise in the heat has red blood cell contribution to GSH release

Effects of physical exercise on the functionality of human nucleotidases : a systematic review

Nucleotidases contribute to the regulation of inflammation, coagulation, and cardiovascular activity. Exercise promotes biological adaptations, but its effects on nucleotidase activities and expression are unclear. The objective of this study was to review systematically the effects of exercise on nucleotidase functionality in healthy and unhealthy subjects. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify, randomized clinical trials, non-randomized clinical trials, uncontrolled clinical trials, quasi-experimental, pre-, and post-interventional studies that evaluated the effects of exercise on nucleotidases in humans, and was not limited by language and date. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection, data extraction, and assessment of risk of bias. Of the 203 articles identified, 12 were included in this review. Eight studies reported that acute exercise, in healthy and unhealthy subjects, elevated the activities or expression of nucleotidases. Four studies evaluated the effects of chronic training on nucleotidase activities in the platelets and lymphocytes of patients with metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension and found a decrease in nucleotidase activities in these conditions. Acute and chronic exercise was able to modify the blood plasma and serum levels of nucleotides and nucleosides. Our results suggest that short- and long-term exercise modulate nucleotidase functionality. As such, purinergic signaling may represent a novel molecular adaptation in inflammatory, thrombotic, and vascular responses to exercise

Weight and mode of carrying schoolbags at elementary school: effect of the school grades and sex

El peso y el modo de transporte de útiles escolares pueden contribuir con desviaciones posturales y con dolores de espalda. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue verificar y comparar, entre los años escolares y entre los sexos, el peso de útiles escolares en relación con el peso corporal y el modo de transporte de los útiles de alumnos de una escuela primaria que dejan sus libros en estantes en la escuela. Participaron 191 alumnos. El peso de los útiles escolares y el peso corporal de los alumnos fueron verificados con balanza, y el modo de transporte fue avaluado con fotos. Entre los alumnos, 47,7% transportaban un peso mayor que el límite establecido (10% del peso corporal de los alumnos), y el 1º año transportaba menos peso que los 2º, 3º y 5º años, pero no hubo diferencia entre los sexos. Fue encontrado un predominio de mochilas con dos correas. Sin embargo, aunque la escuela ya tiene una estrategia para reducir el peso de los útiles, casi la mitad de los alumnos transportaba un peso mayor que 10% del peso corporal. Por lo tanto, son necesarias otras medidas para alertar a las personas.Schoolbag weight and mode of carrying it can contribute to postural deviations and back pain. Therefore, our objective was to determine and compare, among the school grades and between sexes, the schoolbag weight relative to body weight and the mode of carrying it of Elementary School students, who leave their books on bookcases at the school. A total of 191 students participated in the study. Schoolbag weight and students body weight were determined with a scale, and the mode of carrying the schoolbags was evaluated by means of photographs. We observed that 47.7% of the students carried a weight above the limit established (10% of the student's body weight), and the first grade students carried less weight than the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th grade students; however, no difference was observed between sexes. We observed the prevalence of using double-strap backpack. However, despite the school had a strategy to reduce the schoolbag weight, almost half of the school children carried a weight of more than 10% of body weight. Thus, other measures to raise awareness of those involved are necessary.O peso do material escolar e o modo de transportá-lo podem contribuir para desvios posturais e dor nas costas. Por isso, o objetivo foi verificar e comparar, entre os anos escolares e os sexos, o peso do material escolar em relação ao peso corporal e o modo de transporte do material de alunos do Ensino Fundamental I, os quais deixam os seus livros em estantes na escola. Participaram 191 escolares. O peso do material escolar e o peso corporal dos alunos foram verificados com uma balança, e o modo de transporte do material foi avaliado por meio de fotos. Observou-se que 47,7% dos alunos transportavam um peso acima do limite estabelecido (10% do peso corporal do aluno), sendo que o 1º ano transportava um menor peso do que os 2º, 3º e 5º anos, mas não houve diferença entre os sexos. Foi encontrado predomínio do uso da mochila de duas alças. Contudo, apesar de a escola já ter uma estratégia para reduzir o peso do material, quase metade dos escolares transportava um peso superior a 10% do peso corporal. Logo, outras medidas para alertar os envolvidos são necessárias

The impact of dehydration and hyperthermia on circulatory glutathione metabolism after exercise in the heat with insights into the role of erythrocytes

Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) is one of the main thiols involved in antioxidant defense. Changes in circulatory levels of GSH during exercise are associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. The mechanisms by which these alterations occur are not entirely known. We hypothesize that erythrocytes could be an important source of circulatory GSH during heat stress conditions. We performed two separate experiments to address this hypothesis. Methods: In the first experiment, we sought to investigate the impact of exercise in the heat and dehydration on erythrocyte levels of GSH. A total of 10 men performed 60 min of cycling at 60% VO2peak in the heat (38.0 ± 0.9 °C) or in a control temperate environment (23.0 ± 1.0 °C), both with and without dehydration. Relative humidity ranged from 50 to 70%. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to measure GSH and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. In the second experiment, erythrocytes were isolated from blood samples taken at rest and heated in vitro to determine the impact of heat on erythrocyte glutathione content. Tubes with erythrocytes were exposed to water baths at different temperatures; one tube was exposed to a water bath at 35 °C and the other tube to a water bath at 41 °C for a period of 30 min. After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analyses. Results: Dehydration decreased circulatory GSH, regardless of ambient temperature (temperate and heat decreased 15.35% and 30.31%, respectively), resulting in an altered redox balance. Heat increased GSH levels in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggest that dehydration decreases circulatory GSH levels regardless of environmental temperature. In addition, in vitro data suggests that erythrocytes may contribute to the release of GSH during exposure to heat stress

Equilíbrio hídrico e balanço redox durante exercício no calor em humanos : o papel dos eritrócitos na defesa antioxidante

Introdução geral: Os radicais livres são átomos ou moléculas altamente reativas e suscetíveis a interagirem e modificarem com outras moléculas. Além dos radicais livres, existem as espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) que em níveis elevados podem promover desequilíbrio redox, responsável por comprometer a estrutura e o funcionamento celular. Dessa forma, mecanismos de defesa antioxidante agem para reduzir o estresse oxidativo provocado pelo desequilíbrio entre agentes pró e antioxidantes em favor do pró - oxidantes. A glutationa (GSH) é um importante sistema de defesa antioxidante. O exercício físico induz a formação de ERO e desse modo gera modificações no metabolismo da GSH. Ao mesmo tempo, a hipertermia e desidratação também são apontadas por contribuir no metabolismo da GSH. No entanto ainda não está claro, além das fontes já conhecidas de liberação de GSH (hepatócitos) se outros tecidos, como os eritrócitos, contribuem nos níveis circulantes de GSH. Objetivo revisão sistemática: Avaliar as respostas de marcadores pro e antioxidantes do exercício associado a hipertermia e desidratação. Métodos revisão sistemática: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases MEDLINE, Cochrane Wiley, Clinical Trials.gov, PEDRO e LILACS. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que investigaram indivíduos jovens saudáveis sobre as respostas pró e antioxidante do exercício associadas ao calor (hipertermia) e / ou exercício associado à desidratação. Dois revisores independentes extraíram os dados e avaliaram a qualidade dos estudos incluídos. Resultados revisão sistemática: Um total de 1.014 artigos foram selecionados, nove artigos completos foram avaliados para elegibilidade, e oito artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Estudos que investigam os efeitos do exercício associado a hipertermia indicam que o exercício no calor pode promover adaptações na defesa antioxidante, reduzindo os efeitos negativos do calor isolado sobre a resposta oxidativa. Por outro lado, estudos mostram que a desidratação induzida pelo exercício aumenta os marcadores pró-oxidantes e é atenuada pela reidratação. Objetivos artigo original: Investigar os efeitos do exercício no calor com e sem desidratação (em humanos) e do estresse térmico isolado nos eritrócitos (in vitro) sobre o metabolismo da GSH. Métodos artigo original: Dez homens fisicamente ativos realizaram exercício em quatro condições experimentais: termoneutro + euhidratação (T-EU); termoneutro + desidratação (T-DE); calor + euhidratação (C-EU); calor + desidratação (C-DE). As temperaturas das condições termoneutro e calor foram, respectivamente, de 23°C e 38°C. Os participantes realizaram exercício de intensidade moderada (60% VO2pico) durante 60 minutos. A gravidade específica da urina foi analisada no início de cada visita. A frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal foram monitorados continuamente durante o exercício. Os registros da massa corporal para determinar o percentual de desidratação foram realizados pré e pós o exercício. Coletas de sangue foram realizadas para mensurar a glutationa reduzida (GSH) e glutationa oxidada (GSSG) circulantes. Para a visita de coleta de sangue para realizar o aquecimento dos eritrócitos, o sangue foi coletado e separado em tubos, organizados nas condições de aquecimento: a 35°C e a 41°C. Após exposição ao calor, o plasma e os eritrócitos foram extraídos para análises de GSH e GSSG. Resultados artigo original: Os resultados da temperatura corporal e do percentual de desidratação nas condições de exercício obtiveram aumentos significativos em todas as visitas. A frequência cardíaca teve aumento significativo nas condições calor comparada as condições termoneutro. A desidratação promoveu reduções significativas na GSH, independentemente da temperatura ambiente, resultando na alteração do balanço redox. Para os resultados da exposição isolada dos eritrócitos, o estresse térmico promoveu aumento dos níveis de GSH. Considerações finais: O exercício de intensidade moderada no calor previne as alterações no balanço redox, na ausência de desidratação. Sugere-se que a manutenção do equilíbrio redox durante o exercício moderado no calor tem contribuição dos eritrócitos com a liberação de GSH.General background: Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules that are susceptible to interact and modify with other molecules. In addition to free radicals, there are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that at high levels may promote redox imbalance, which is responsible for compromising cell structure and function. Thus, antioxidant defense mechanisms act to reduce oxidative stress caused by the imbalance between pro and antioxidant agents in favor of pro- oxidants. Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant defense system. Physical exercise induces the formation of ROS and thus generates changes in GSH metabolism. At the same time, hyperthermia and dehydration are also reported to contribute to GSH metabolism. However, it is not yet clear beyond the known sources of GSH (hepatocyte) release whether other tissues, such as erythrocytes, contribute to circulating levels of GSH. Objective systematic review: The aim to verify the pro and antioxidant responses during exercise associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. Methods systematic review: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Wiley, Clinical Trials.gov, PEDRO and LILACS. We included clinical trials that investigated healthy young individuals on the pro and antioxidant responses of exercise associated with heat (hyperthermia) and / or exercise associated with dehydration. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies. Results systematic review: A total of 1,014 records were selected, nine full papers were evaluated for eligibility, and eight papers met the inclusion criteria. Studies investigating the effects of exercise associated with hyperthermia indicate that exercise in heat may promote adaptations in antioxidant defense, reducing the negative effects of isolated heat on the oxidative response. On the other hand, studies show that exercise-induced dehydration increases pro-oxidant markers and is attenuated by rehydration. Objectives original article: The aims were to investigate the effects of exercise on heat with and without dehydration (in humans) and isolated thermal stress in erythrocytes (in vitro) on GSH metabolism. Methods original article: Ten physically active men performed exercise under four trials: thermoneutral + euhydration (T-EU); thermoneutral + dehydration (T-DE); heat + euhydration (H-EU); heat + dehydration (H-DE). The temperatures of the thermoneutral and heat conditions were, respectively, 23 °C and 38 °C. Participants performed moderate intensity exercise (60% VO2peak) for 60 minutes. The specific gravity of urine was analyzed at the beginning of each trials. Heart rate and rectal temperature were monitored throughout trials. Body mass records to determine the percentage of dehydration were measured before and after exercise. Blood samples were taken to measure circulating reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). For the blood collection visit to warm the erythrocytes, the blood was collected and separated into tubes, organized under warming conditions: at 35 ° C and at 41 ° C . After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analysis. Results original article: Results of body temperature and dehydration percentage under exercise conditions showed significant increases in all trials. Heart rate had a significant increase in heat conditions compared to thermoneutral conditions. Dehydration promoted significant reductions in GSH, regardless of ambient temperature, resulting in redox imbalance. For the results of isolated erythrocyte exposure, thermal stress promoted increased GSH levels. Conclusions: Moderate exercise in the heat prevents changes in the redox balance, in the absence of dehydration. It is suggested that maintaining redox balance during moderate exercise in the heat has red blood cell contribution to GSH release

The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes

Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) is one of the main thiols involved in antioxidant defense. Changes in circulatory levels of GSH during exercise are associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. The mechanisms by which these alterations occur are not entirely known. We hypothesize that erythrocytes could be an important source of circulatory GSH during heat stress conditions. We performed two separate experiments to address this hypothesis. Methods: In the first experiment, we sought to investigate the impact of exercise in the heat and dehydration on erythrocyte levels of GSH. A total of 10 men performed 60 min of cycling at 60% VO2peak in the heat (38.0 ± 0.9 °C) or in a control temperate environment (23.0 ± 1.0 °C), both with and without dehydration. Relative humidity ranged from 50 to 70%. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to measure GSH and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. In the second experiment, erythrocytes were isolated from blood samples taken at rest and heated in vitro to determine the impact of heat on erythrocyte glutathione content. Tubes with erythrocytes were exposed to water baths at different temperatures; one tube was exposed to a water bath at 35 °C and the other tube to a water bath at 41 °C for a period of 30 min. After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analyses. Results: Dehydration decreased circulatory GSH, regardless of ambient temperature (temperate and heat decreased 15.35% and 30.31%, respectively), resulting in an altered redox balance. Heat increased GSH levels in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggest that dehydration decreases circulatory GSH levels regardless of environmental temperature. In addition, in vitro data suggests that erythrocytes may contribute to the release of GSH during exposure to heat stress

Personalized Hydration Strategy Attenuates the Rise in Heart Rate and in Skin Temperature Without Altering Cycling Capacity in the Heat

The optimal hydration plan [i.e., drink to thirst, ad libitum (ADL), or personalized plan] to be adopted during exercise in recreational athletes has recently been a matter of debate and, due to conflicting results, consensus does not exist. In the present investigation, we tested whether a personalized hydration strategy based on sweat rate would affect cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses and exercise capacity in the heat. Eleven recreational male cyclists underwent two familiarization cycling sessions in the heat (34°C, 40% RH) where sweat rate was also determined. A fan was used to enhance sweat evaporation. Participants then performed three randomized time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials in the heat with different hydration strategies: personalized volume (PVO), where water was consumed, based on individual sweat rate, every 10 min; ADL, where free access to water was allowed; and a control (CON) trial with no fluids. Blood osmolality and urine-specific gravity were measured before each trial. Heart rate (HR), rectal, and skin temperatures were monitored throughout trials. Time to exhaustion at 70% of maximal workload was used to define exercise capacity in the heat, which was similar in all trials (p = 0.801). Body mass decreased after ADL (p = 0.008) and CON (p < 0.001) and was maintained in PVO trials (p = 0.171). Participants consumed 0 ml in CON, 166 ± 167 ml in ADL, and 1,080 ± 166 ml in PVO trials. The increase in mean body temperature was similar among trials despite a lower increase in skin temperature during PVO trial in comparison with CON (2.1 ± 0.6 vs. 2.9 ± 0.5°C, p = 0.0038). HR was lower toward the end of TTE in PVO (162 ± 8 bpm) in comparison with ADL (168 ± 12 bpm) and CON (167 ± 10 bpm), p < 0.001. In conclusion, a personalized hydration strategy can reduce HR during a moderate to high intensity exercise session in the heat and halt the increase in skin temperature. Despite these advantages, cycling capacity in the heat remained unchanged

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data