17,615 research outputs found
Direct measurement of the quantum state of the electromagnetic field in a superconducting transmission line
We propose an experimental procedure to directly measure the state of an
electromagnetic field inside a resonator, corresponding to a superconducting
transmission line, coupled to a Cooper-pair box (CPB). The measurement protocol
is based on the use of a dispersive interaction between the field and the CPB,
and the coupling to an external classical field that is tuned to resonance with
either the field or the CPB. We present a numerical simulation that
demonstrates the feasibility of this protocol, which is within reach of present
technology.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review A (Rapid Communication).
4 pages, 2 figure
Quantum Non-Demolition Test of Bipartite Complementarity
We present a quantum circuit that implements a non-demolition measurement of
complementary single- and bi-partite properties of a two-qubit system:
entanglement and single-partite visibility and predictability. The system must
be in a pure state with real coefficients in the computational basis, which
allows a direct operational interpretation of those properties. The circuit can
be realized in many systems of interest to quantum information.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Biofilm reactors
After presenting the concept of biofilms, reference is made to their importance in industry and health. Although biofilms are also well known for their deleterious effects (biofouling), emphasis is here given to the beneficial use of biofilms in wastewater treatment. The main types of biofilm reactors are briefly described and the role of support material in the adhesion and stability of biofilms is explained, taking into account the mechanisms involved in biofilm attachment. Practical procedures for the start-up of biofilm reactors are also mentioned.
Biofilm growth processes are described together with their properties, structure and
Performance. The advantages and disadvantages of biofilm reactors versus suspended biomass systems are discussed.
The main equations of the diffusion-reaction model are developed from engineering science principles. Equations derived from the diffusion-reaction model to calculate the reactor volume are presented, together with experimental values of the kinetic parameters. Practical empirical expressions or rules-of-thumb used in the design of fixed biomass reactors are also given. An overall model to predict the growth rate of biofilms and their final thickness or mass is established. The main problems concerning biofilm reactor modelling are discussed and the "missing links" for an optimised design are identified
Ripples in Tapped or Blown Powder
We observe ripples forming on the surface of a granular powder in a container
submitted from below to a series of brief and distinct shocks. After a few
taps, the pattern turns out to be stable against any further shock of the same
amplitude. We find experimentally that the characteristic wavelength of the
pattern is proportional to the amplitude of the shocks. Starting from
consideration involving Darcy's law for air flow through the porous granulate
and avalanche properties, we build up a semi-quantitative model which fits
satisfactorily the set of experimental observations as well as a couple of
additional experiments.Comment: 7 pages, four postscript figures, submitted PRL 11/19/9
Preventing biofouling in heat exchangers: an experimental assessment of the effects of water velocity and inorganic particles on deposit detachment
Biofouling is a costly problem in heat exchangers. Biocides can be used to minimize the formation of biofilms, but they are not always effective and, moreover, they are generally deleterious to the environment. The use of proper liquid velocities or of water jets in the exchanger tubes is also a means to prevent the build up of fouling deposits or to clean the surface once they are formed. Often, biofilms incorporate inorganic particles which modify the physical properties of the deposit and, thus, affect the effectiveness of anti-fouling measures. This paper presents experimental data that show the effects of the water velocity and of the presence of clay particles on the accumulation of biofilms and on their mechanical resistance to detachment caused by hydrodynamic forces. The results indicate that the fraction of dry biomass (micro-organisms plus extracellular biopolymers) in biofilms increases with the liquid velocity and that the deposits formed under higher hydrodynamic forces are more resistant to detachment. The resistance to detachment is even greater when the biofilms incorporate small (20 micrometer) clay particles
Spatial copula modeling of extreme crop insurance claims in Brazil
We use robustly estimated spatial R-vine copula models to assess spatial dependencies among extreme crop insurance claims. A truthful predictive model for simultaneous extreme losses is derived based on the linear structure found between copula parameters and distances between groups. Findings are compared to those from classical estimation of pair-copulas. Univariate fits of the excess-losses are based on the Generalized Pareto distribution. The dependence implied by the spatial component is captured by the Gumbel copulas in Tree 1, whereas a few atypical points are handled by robust inference which reveals that the influence of joint multivariate extreme outliers can not be neglected. Our findings are useful for crop insurance firms as well as for local authorities trying to minimize the effects of the natural disasters.Neste artigo utilizamos modelos de cópulas R-vine espaciais e estimação robusta para acessar as dependências entre os seguros relacionados à ocorrência de eventos extremos afetando as colheitas. Um modelo preditivo bastante eficiente para perdas extremas simultâneas é derivado com base na estrutura linear encontrada entre os parâmetros da cópula e as distâncias entre os grupos. Os achados são comparados com os da estimativa clássica de pair-copulas. Os ajustes univariados das perdas em excesso são feitos utilizando-se a distribuição generalizada de Pareto. A dependência espacial é capturada pelas cópulas tipo Gumbel na Árvore 1, enquanto alguns poucos pontos atípicos detectados pela inferência robusta revelam que a influência de extremos multivariados não pode ser negligenciada. Nossas descobertas são úteis para empresas de seguros agrícolas, bem como para autoridades locais que tentam minimizar os efeitos dos desastres naturais
Intrinsic kinetics of biofilms formed under turbulent flow and low substrate concentrations
Reactor operating conditions strongly affect the
behaviour of biofilm systems, namely their stability and
the substrate removal. In this paper, the penetration of
substrate and the activity of biofilms formed by Pseudomonas
fluorescens under turbulent flow and low substrate
concentrations, are studied. A first order diffusion-reaction
model was applied to results of biofilm accumulation
in steady and non-steady-state. The substrate consumption
rate of the biofilm was calculated based on the on-line
determination of the biofilm accumulated on the surface.
This approach is important when the residence time or the
substrate concentration on the reactor is very low. Also,
the mass transfer of substrate inside the biofilm was
measured for every case under study and introduced in the
model.
The fraction of biofilm penetrated by the substrate depends
on the velocity of the fluid that contacts the biological
matrix: contrary to biofilms formed at higher
velocities, lower velocities give raise to non completely
penetrated biofilms. This fact seems to be associated to the
biofilm internal structure in terms of biomass density and
compactness of the matrix. They remove more substrate
per reactor volume, but are less resistant from an hydrodynamic
point of view. In conclusion, biofilms formed at
higher velocities in turbulent flow allow a more stable
reactor operation.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - PRAXIS XXI, 2.1/BIO/37/94.
União Europeia - Fundo de Desenvolvimento Regional Europeu (FDRE) - INTERREG, 01/REG II/6/96
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