1,258 research outputs found

    Natural parasitism of the Citrus Leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) over eight years in seven citrus regions of São Paulo, Brazil

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    The citrus leafminer (CLM) Phyllocnists citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was frst recorded in Brazil in 1996. In 1998, the parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtdae) was introduced and established in many regions of the country. In this study, 130 onehour-samplings of sweet orange leaves (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) hostng CLM pupal chambers were carried out to estmate the CLM parasitsm rate (%) by its parasitoids in 7 regions of São Paulo State between 2000 and 2008. The sample sizes varied from 10 to 275 leaves (mean = 65). The most abundant parasitoid was the encyrtd A. citricola (found in 91.8% of the samplings). The highest level of CLM parasitsm by A. citricola was recorded in the southern region (Botucatu), 70.2 ± 6.6 (mean ± SEM), and the lowest level was recorded in the northern region (Barretos), 12.8 ± 5.7%. CLM parasitsm by A. citricola and by natve parasitoids (Galeopsomyia fausta LaSalle, Cirrospilus spp. and Elasmus sp.) did not differ between seasons. The 6-fold increase in the use of insectcides in citrus groves, afer 2004 when the Huanglongbing (HLB) disease was found in São Paulo State, did not reduce the level of CLM parasitsm. The level of parasitsm was 50.8 ± 4.2% before the advent of HLB (2000–2004) and 56.0 ± 4.4% thereafer (2005–2008), indicatng adaptaton of A. citricola in a disturbed agroecosystem.A minadora das folhas dos citros (MFC), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), foi encontrada pela primeira vez no Brasil em 1996. Em 1998, o parasitoide Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) foi introduzido e se estabeleceu em várias regiões do país. Nesse estudo, foram feitas130 amostragens, de uma hora, de folhas de laranjeiras doces [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] com câmaras pupais da MFC, para se estimar o parasitismo da MFC em 7 regiões do estado de São Paulo, entre 2000 e 2008. O tamanho das amostras variou de 10 a 275 folhas (média = 65). O parasitoide mais abundante foi o encirtídeo A. citricola (encontrado em 91.8% das amostragens). O maior parasitismo da MFC por A. citricola foi observado na região sul do estado (Botucatu), 70,2 ± 6,6 (média ± EPM), e o menor parasitismo na região norte (Barretos), 12,8 ± 5,7%. O parasitismo da MFC por A. citricola e seus parasitoides nativos (Galeopsomyia fausta LaSalle, Cirrospilus spp. and Elasmus sp.) não diferiram entre as estações do ano. O aumento de seis vezes no uso de inseticidas nos pomares de citros, após 2004, quando o Huanglongbing (HLB) foi encontrado no estado de São Paulo, não reduziu o nível de parasitismo da MFC. O nível médio de parasitismo foi de 50,8 ± 4,2%, antes do HLB (2000-2004), e 56,0 ± 4,4%, após o HLB (2005-2008), indicando a adaptação de A. citricola a um agroecossistema perturbado.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Costs of genetic testing: Supporting Brazilian Public Policies for the incorporating of molecular diagnostic technologies

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    This study identifies and describes the operating costs associated with the molecular diagnosis of diseases, such as hereditary cancer. To approximate the costs associated with these tests, data informed by Standard Operating Procedures for various techniques was collected from hospital software and a survey of market prices. Costs were established for four scenarios of capacity utilization to represent the possibility of suboptimal use in research laboratories. Cost description was based on a single site. The results show that only one technique was not impacted by rising costs due to underutilized capacity. Several common techniques were considerably more expensive at 30% capacity, including polymerase chain reaction (180%), microsatellite instability analysis (181%), gene rearrangement analysis by multiplex ligation probe amplification (412%), non-labeled sequencing (173%), and quantitation of nucleic acids (169%). These findings should be relevant for the definition of public policies and suggest that investment of public funds in the establishment of centralized diagnostic research centers would reduce costs to the Public Health System

    Rare single gene disorders:estimating baseline prevalence and outcomes worldwide

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    As child mortality rates overall are decreasing, non-communicable conditions, such as genetic disorders, constitute an increasing proportion of child mortality, morbidity and disability. To date, policy and public health programmes have focused on common genetic disorders. Rare single gene disorders are an important source of morbidity and premature mortality for affected families. When considered collectively, they account for an important public health burden, which is frequently under-recognised. To document the collective frequency and health burden of rare single gene disorders, it is necessary to aggregate them into large manageable groupings and take account of their family implications, effective interventions and service needs. Here, we present an approach to estimate the burden of these conditions up to 5 years of age in settings without empirical data. This approaches uses population-level demographic data, combined with assumptions based on empirical data from settings with data available, to provide population-level estimates which programmes and policy-makers when planning services can use
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