ANÁLISE TEMPORAL DOS CASOS NOTIFICADOS DE RAIVA EM GRANDES ANIMAIS NO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS DENTRE 2006 A 2017

Introdução: A raiva é uma zoonose viral, que se caracteriza como uma encefalite progressivaagressiva aguda e letal. Todos os mamíferos são susceptíveis ao vírus da raiva e, portanto, podemtransmiti-la. Objetivo: Efetuar uma análise de série temporal dos casos notificados de raiva norebanho de bovinos e equinos em Minas Gerais. Metodologia: Estudo epidemiológico ecológicodo tipo série temporal dos casos notificados de raiva no rebanho de bovinos e equinos no sistemade notificação público do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento dentre os anos de2006 a 2017. A análise estatística determinou a frequência absoluta de casos, os coeficientes deprevalência e de regressão linear. Para todas as análises considerou-se o grau de significância de5% (p<0,05). Considerações: No período analisado, foram notificados 1.812 casos de raiva bovinae 200 casos de raiva equina. A média do Coeficiente de Prevalência foi de 6,59 casos a cada ummilhão de bovinos e de 20,62 a cada um milhão de equinos nos 12 anos analisados. Em bovinosno ano de 2006, o coeficiente de prevalência foi de 16,71 e no ano de 2017 foi de 3,87 casosnotificados a cada um milhão de animais. O coeficiente de regressão linear ß foi de -0,76 (p=0,004),sendo o coeficiente de determinação ajustado de 0,54. Portanto a prevalência dos casos notificadosde raiva bovina apresentou redução significativa já que houve uma tendência temporal decrescenteno período analisado. Já em relação ao rebanho equino, no ano de 2006, o coeficiente deprevalência foi de 60,09 e no ano de 2017 foi de 19,79 casos notificados a cada um milhão deanimais. O coeficiente de regressão linear ß foi de -0,48 (p=0,112), sendo o coeficiente dedeterminação ajustado de 0,16. Portanto a prevalência dos casos notificados de raiva equina nãoapresentou redução já que houve uma tendência temporal estacionária no período analisado. Assimsendo, consideramos que a diminuição dos casos na população bovina pode se dar ao fato de quesão animais destinados para fins alimentícios tanto no mercado interno quanto externo, assim aatenção para preconizar e manter medidas sanitárias e profiláticas são maiores quando comparadasa população equina. Conclui-se, por tanto, que quando se preconiza as medidas higiênicas esanitárias de um rebanho consequentemente haverá a diminuição de acometimentos de certaspatologias de grande impacto socioeconômico

Building a Open Source Framework for Virtual Medical Training

This paper presents a framework to build medical training applications by using virtual reality and a tool that helps the class instantiation of this framework. The main purpose is to make easier the building of virtual reality applications in the medical training area, considering systems to simulate biopsy exams and make available deformation, collision detection, and stereoscopy functionalities. The instantiation of the classes allows quick implementation of the tools for such a purpose, thus reducing errors and offering low cost due to the use of open source tools. Using the instantiation tool, the process of building applications is fast and easy. Therefore, computer programmers can obtain an initial application and adapt it to their needs. This tool allows the user to include, delete, and edit parameters in the functionalities chosen as well as storing these parameters for future use. In order to verify the efficiency of the framework, some case studies are presented

Lipophosphoglycans from \u3cem\u3eLeishmania amazonensis\u3c/em\u3e Strains Display Immunomodulatory Properties via TLR4 and Do Not Affect Sand Fly Infection

The immunomodulatory properties of lipophosphoglycans (LPG) from New World species of Leishmania have been assessed in Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis, the causative agents of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. This glycoconjugate is highly polymorphic among species with variation in sugars that branch off the conserved Gal(β1,4)Man(α1)-PO4 backbone of repeat units. Here, the immunomodulatory activity of LPGs from Leishmania amazonensis, the causative agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, was evaluated in two strains from Brazil. One strain (PH8) was originally isolated from the sand fly and the other (Josefa) was isolated from a human case. The ability of purified LPGs from both strains was investigated during in vitro interaction with peritoneal murine macrophages and CHO cells and in vivo infection with Lutzomyia migonei. In peritoneal murine macrophages, the LPGs from both strains activated TLR4. Both LPGs equally activate MAPKs and the NF-κB inhibitor p-IκBα, but were not able to translocate NF-κB. In vivo experiments with sand flies showed that both stains were able to sustain infection in L. migonei. A preliminary biochemical analysis indicates intraspecies variation in the LPG sugar moieties. However, they did not result in different activation profiles of the innate immune system. Also those polymorphisms did not affect infectivity to the sand fly

Topical delivery of nanoemulsions for skin cancer treatment

Skin cancer chemotherapeutics often lead to the development of severe cytotoxicity, compelling the development of novel delivery systems to not only enhance therapeutic efficacy but also minimize side effects and improve patient compliance. In recent years, topical nanoemulsions have emerged as powerful tools in the field of skin cancer therapeutic management. This review delves into the potential of these innovative formulations to revolutionize the treatment of skin malignancies, due to their unique properties, having relevant advantages, such as allowing high drug strength, skin drug permeation and retention enhancement, biocompatibility, and controlled release capacity. Despite the skin's formidable permeability challenges, it remains an accessible interface for the delivery of therapeutic carriers such as nanoemulsions both locally (topical and dermal) and systemically (transdermal). Nanoemulsions, once associated primarily with cosmetic applications, are now gaining prominence as essential components of skin cancer treatment strategies. This review explores the potential of topical nanoemulsions, shedding light on their ability to efficiently deliver a wide range of molecules, overcoming lipophilic barriers inherent to skin. In this comprehensive analysis of several distinct studies investigating NEs for skin cancer treatment, a diverse array of formulations and components were explored, revealing a spectrum of characteristics. The PDI spans from a minimum of 0.105 nm to a maximum of 0.421 nm, reflecting variations in droplet size distribution. Droplet sizes exhibit considerable diversity, ranging from a small 16 nm to a larger 200 nm, signifying varied potential for skin penetration. ZP values further contribute to this diversity, ranging from highly favorable (-66.6 mV) to less advantageous or near zero values, indicative of distinct surface charge characteristics. As healthcare costs continue to escalate, this nuanced overview of nanoemulsion characteristics provides valuable insights into their potential applications in the targeted treatment of melanoma and, to a lesser extent, non-melanoma skin cancers. The value of such innovative and safer drug delivery systems becomes increasingly evident. Here, we focus exclusively on the role of topical nanoemulsions in advancing skin cancer therapy

A“Dirty” Footprint: Macroinvertebrate diversity in Amazonian Anthropic Soils

International audienceAmazonian rainforests, once thought to be pristine wilderness, are increasingly known to have been widely inhabited, modified, and managed prior to European arrival, by human populations with diverse cultural backgrounds. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by pre-Columbian societies with sedentary habits. Much is known about the chemistry of these soils, yet their zoology has been neglected. Hence, we characterized soil fertility, macroinvertebrate communities, and their activity at nine archeological sites in three Amazonian regions in ADEs and adjacent reference soils under native forest (young and old) and agricultural systems. We found 673 morphospecies and, despite similar richness in ADEs (385 spp.) and reference soils (399 spp.), we identified a tenacious pre-Columbian footprint, with 49% of morphospecies found exclusively in ADEs. Termite and total macroinvertebrate abundance were higher in reference soils, while soil fertility and macroinvertebrate activity were higher in the ADEs, and associated with larger earthworm quantities and biomass. We show that ADE habitats have a unique pool of species, but that modern land use of ADEs decreases their populations, diversity, and contributions to soil functioning. These findings support the idea that humans created and sustained high-fertility ecosystems that persist today, altering biodiversity patterns in Amazonia

Physical and sports activity after hip arthroplasty

A artroplastia é utilizada para reconstrução da articulação do quadril, visando minimizar a dor e possibilitar o retorno às atividades de vida diária, esportivas e de lazer. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar na literatura as indicações e contraindicações referentes à prática de atividade física, esportiva e lazer após a artroplastia de quadril. Essa revisão aborda estudos publicados entre os anos de 1980 e 2009, obtidos por buscas em bancos de dados eletrônicos Medline, Scielo, Ovid, Infomaworld, Sciencedirect, Springerlink, Interscience, Sportdiscuss, Bireme, Informglobal, Opas, Ovid, Diseasedex, Eric, que totalizaram 39 artigos. Os artigos analisados apontam para a utilização de atividade física, esportiva e de lazer de baixo impacto. como a caminhada, natação, boliche, ciclismo, dentre outras. Outra indicação constatada na literatura é a utilização da atividade física e esportiva visando à manutenção do condicionamento físico, qualidade óssea e controle do peso corporal. Há ressalvas na literatura sobre a utilização de atividades de alto impacto, esporte com giro como o basquete e futebol ou com grande intensidade como tênis e a corrida, bem como os esportes de luta. As atividades físicas, esportivas e de lazer mais indicadas após uma atroplastia de quadril são as de baixo impacto como a hidroginástica, natação, caminhada, dentre outras. O início dessas atividades deve aguardar a liberação do médico, mas em média iniciam 60 dias após a cirurgia.Hip arthroplasty is used for reconstruction of the hip joint to reduce pain and to make the return to daily life, physical, sports and leisure activities possible. The objective of this article was to analyze in the literature the indications and counter-indications referring to practice of physical, sportive and leisure activities after hip arthroplasty. This revision approaches studies published between 1980 and 2009, obtained in searches in the Medline, Scielo, Ovid, Infomaworld, Sciencedirect, Springerlink, Interscience, Sportdiscuss, Bireme, Informglobal, Opas, Ovid, Diseasedex and Erics electronic databases with a total of 39 articles. The analyzed articles point to the use of physical, leisure and sports of low impact activities such as walking, swimming, bowling, cycling and others. Another indication evidenced in the literature is the use of physical and sportive activity aiming at the maintenance of physical fitness, bone quality and body weight control. The literature shows concerns with the use of activities of high impact or with great intensity like tennis and jogging, as well as fights