Periacetabular osteotomy with or without arthroscopic management in patients with hip dysplasia: Study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Hip dysplasia is one of the most common causes of hip arthritis. Its incidence is estimated to be between 3.6 and 12.8% (Canadian Institute for Health Information, Hip and knee replacements in Canada, 2017-2018: Canadian joint replacement registry annual report, 2019; Jacobsen and Sonne-Holm, Rheumatology 44:211-8, 2004). The Periacetabular Osteotomy (PAO) has been used successfully for over 30 years (Gosvig et al., J Bone Joint Surg Am 92:1162-9, 2010), but some patients continue to exhibit symptoms post-surgery (Wyles et al., Clin Orthop Relat Res 475:336-50, 2017). A hip arthroscopy, performed using a small camera, allows surgeons to address torn cartilage inside the hip joint. Although both procedures are considered standard of care treatment options, it is unknown whether the addition of hip arthroscopy improves patient outcomes compared to a PAO alone. To delay or prevent future joint replacement surgeries, joint preservation surgery is recommended for eligible patients. While previous studies found an added cost to perform hip arthroscopies, the cost-effectiveness to Canadian Health care system is not known. METHODS: Patients randomized to the experimental group will undergo central compartment hip arthroscopy prior to completion of the PAO. Patients randomized to the control group will undergo isolated PAO. Patient-reported quality of life will be the primary outcome used for comparison between the two treatment groups as measured by The International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33) (Saberi Hosnijeh et al., Arthritis Rheum 69:86-93, 2017). Secondary outcomes will include the four-square step test and sit-to-stand (validated in patients with pre-arthritic hip pain) and hip-specific symptoms and impairment using the HOOS; global health assessment will be compared using the PROMIS Global 10 Score; health status will be assessed using the EQ-5D-5L and EQ VAS questionnaires (Ganz et al., Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:264-72, 2008) pre- and post-operatively. In addition, operative time, hospital length of stay, adverse events, and health services utilization will be collected. A sub-group of patients (26 in each group) will receive a T1rho MRI before and after surgery to study changes in cartilage quality over time. A cost-utility analysis will be performed to compare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) associated with the intervention. DISCUSSION: We hypothesize that (1) concomitant hip arthroscopy at the time of PAO to address central compartment pathology will result in clinically important improvements in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) versus PAO alone, that (2) additional costs associated with hip arthroscopy will be offset by greater clinical improvements in this group, and that (3) combined hip arthroscopy and PAO will prove to be a cost-effective procedure. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03481010 . Registered on 6 March 2020. Protocol version: version 3

On the averaging of cardiac diffusion tensor MRI data: the effect of distance function selection

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) allows a unique insight into the microstructure of highly-directional tissues. The selection of the most proper distance function for the space of diffusion tensors is crucial in enhancing the clinical application of this imaging modality. Both linear and nonlinear metrics have been proposed in the literature over the years. The debate on the most appropriate DT-MRI distance function is still ongoing. In this paper, we presented a framework to compare the Euclidean, affine-invariant Riemannian and log-Euclidean metrics using actual high-resolution DT-MRI rat heart data. We employed temporal averaging at the diffusion tensor level of three consecutive and identically-acquired DT-MRI datasets from each of five rat hearts as a means to rectify the background noise-induced loss of myocyte directional regularity. This procedure is applied here for the first time in the context of tensor distance function selection. When compared with previous studies that used a different concrete application to juxtapose the various DT-MRI distance functions, this work is unique in that it combined the following: (i) Metrics were judged by quantitative - rather than qualitative – criteria, (ii) the comparison tools were non-biased, (iii) a longitudinal comparison operation was used on a same-voxel basis. The statistical analyses of the comparison showed that the three DT-MRI distance functions tend to provide equivalent results. Hence, we came to the conclusion that the tensor manifold for cardiac DT-MRI studies is a curved space of almost zero curvature. The signal to noise ratio dependence of the operations was investigated through simulations. Finally, the “swelling effect” occurrence following Euclidean averaging was found to be too unimportant to be worth consideration

Defining the role of corticotropin releasing factor binding protein in alcohol consumption

The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) exerts its effects by acting on its receptors and on the binding protein (CRFBP), and has been implicated in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, identification of the exact contribution of each protein that mediates CRF effects is necessary to design effective therapeutic strategies for AUD. A series of in vitro/in vivo experiments across different species were performed to define the biological discrete role of CRFBP in AUD. First, to establish the CRFBP role in receptor signaling, we developed a novel chimeric cell-based assay and showed that CFRBP full length can stably be expressed on the plasma membrane. We discovered that only CRFBP(10 kD) fragment is able to potentiate CRF-intracellular Ca2+ release. We provide evidence that CRHBP gene loss increased ethanol consumption in mice. Then, we demonstrate that selective reduction of CRHBP expression in the center nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) decreases ethanol consumption in ethanol-dependent rats. CRFBP amygdalar downregulation, however, does not attenuate yohimbine-induced ethanol self-administration. This effect was associated with decreased hemodynamic brain activity in the CRFBP-downregulated CeA and increased hemodynamic activity in the caudate putamen during yohimbine administration. Finally, in alcohol-dependent patients, genetic variants related to the CRFBP(10 kD) fragment were associated with greater risk for alcoholism and anxiety, while other genetic variants were associated with reduced risk for anxiety. Taken together, our data provide evidence that CRFBP may possess both inhibitory and excitatory roles and may represent a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of AUD

Development and application of spectroscopic 1H-NMR methods for in vivo characterisation of xenograft tumor models at 17.6 T

Der Hauptteil der vorliegenden Arbeit befasste sich mit der Anwendung und der Entwicklung von neuen Methoden der spektroskopischen NMR-Bildgebung zur nicht-invasiven metabolischen Charakterisierung von Xenograft-Tumormodellen bei 17,6 T. In einem weiteren Abschnitt wurden verschiedene etablierte Methoden der lokalisierten NMR-Spektroskopie und der spektroskopischen Bildgebung genutzt, um den Metabolismus von Hülsenfrüchten (Pisum sativum) am Hochfeld zu untersuchen. Im experimentellen Teil der Arbeit wurde der selektive Mehrquantenfilter Sel-MQC zur Laktatbestimmung in neun verschiedenen Xenograft-Tumormodellen verwendet. Diese Werte wurden mit Ergebnissen aus der Biolumineszenz und mit der Tumorkontrolldosis 50 (TCD50) der Tumorlinien korreliert. Der Sel-MQC-Editierungsfilter stellte sich als äußerst robuste Methode heraus das Laktat im NMR-Spektrum eindeutig von koresonanten Lipiden des Unterhautfettgewebes bzw. von tumoreigenen Lipiden zu trennen. Der Vergleich mit dem durch die Biolumineszenz bestimmten Laktat zeigte durchweg niedrigere Werte in den NMR-Messungen. Der Hauptgrund für diesen Unterschied besteht wahrscheinlich darin, dass mit der NMR-Methode nur das freie Laktat bestimmt werden kann, wohingegen die Biolumineszenz das gesamte Laktat erfasst. Das mit der NMR detektierbare freie Laktat zeigte allerdings eine mäßige Korrelation zur TCD50 (R = 0,46), wodurch dieser Parameter nur als bedingt prognostisch wertvoll für die Strahlentherapie von Tumoren angesehen werden kann. Der Informationsgehalt pro Messzeit und damit die Effizienz der Standard-Sel-MQC-Editierungssequenz konnte durch verschiedene methodische Erweiterungen gesteigert werden. Eine zusätzliche spektral selektive Wasserunterdrückung und ein weiteres Aufnahmefenster ermöglichte neben der Messung des Laktatsignals die Akquisition sämtlicher Resonanzen des 1H-Spektrums mit einer kurzen Echozeit. Somit konnten zusätzlich das Gesamtcholin und die Methyl- und Metylengruppen der Lipide aufgenommen werden. Neben dem Laktat erwies sich das Verhältnis von Lipid-Methylensignal zu Gesamtcholin (L1/tCho) als aussagekräftigster Parameter, um zwei untersuchte Xenograft-Tumormodelle zu unter-scheiden. Die spektroskopische Sel-MQC-Bildgebungssequenz, deren k-Raumantastung in der Regel mit reiner Phasenkodierung durchgeführt wird, konnte durch eine Verwendung eines Lesegradienten beschleunigt werden. Die bei dem Sel-MQC-Filter auftretenden typischen Artefakte im Bereich der Wasserresonanz sind durch zwei Aufnahmen nach dem Dixon-Prinzip und einem anschließenden Additionsverfahren unterdrückbar. Bei einer ausreichenden Aufnahmezeit, die abhängig vom T2* der zu editierenden Resonanz ist, kann mit der Methode eine nahezu ähnlich hohe Sensitivität wie mit dem rein phasenkodierten Experiment erreicht werden. Eine in die Sequenz eingefügte frequenzselektive Refokussierung der Laktat-CH3-Gruppe ermöglichte die Aufnahme mehrerer Laktatechos ohne eine Phasenmodulation durch die J-Kopplung im Signal zu erhalten. Die nach einer Anregung erhaltenen Echos können zur weiteren Beschleunigung der Sequenz oder zur Bestimmung der apparenten transversalen Relaxationszeit des editieren Metaboliten verwendet werden. Das Grundprinzip des Sel-MQC-Filters konnte in einem umgekehrten Verfahren dazu verwendet werden mobile Lipide im Tumor ohne das koresonante Laktatsignal zu detektieren, um damit die Lipiddetektion zu spezifizieren. Da zur Unterdrückung des Metabolitensignals nur die J-Kopplung ausgenutzt wird, müssen weder Relaxationszeiten noch Diffusionskoeffizienten für die Editierung bekannt sein. Die Aufnahme des Lipidsignals wird dabei in einer Präparation erreicht, was die Sequenz robust gegenüber Bewegungsartefakten macht. Die Methode kann beispielsweise mit Diffusionsgradienten kombiniert werden, um den apparenten Diffusionskoeffizienten mobiler Lipide im Tumorgewebe zu bestimmen. Das hohe Magnetfeld von 17,6 T und damit die vergrößerte chemische Verschiebung eigneten sich insbesonders dazu spektroskopische Messungen an Pflanzensystemen durchzuführen. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurden unterschiedliche lokalisierte 1D-, 2D-NMR-Methoden und die spektroskopische Bildgebung verwendet, um den Wildtyp und eine Mutantenform des Pisum sativum nicht-invasiv metabolisch zu untersuchen. Die mit der NMR bestimmten Metabolitenkonzentrationen im Endosperm des Pisum sativum korrelierten mit Resultaten aus biochemischen Auswertungen. Weiterhin konnten mit den NMR-Methoden auch Ergebnisse gewonnen werden, die mit biochemischen und histologischen Verfahren nicht erreicht werden können. Die Untersuchung von Pflanzen – oder wie hier von Pflanzensamen – mit spektroskopischen NMR-Methoden bieten zusätzliche und für bestimmte Fragestellungen auch einzigartige Ansätze deren Metabolismus in vivo zu untersuchen.The primary topic of this thesis is the development and application of new spectroscopic NMR imaging methods for non-invasive metabolic characterization of xenograft tumor models at 17.6 T. Additional work includes the use of various established methods of localized NMR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging to study the metabolism of legumes (Pisum sativum) at high magnetic field strengths. In the experimental part of the work, a selective multiple quantum filter (Sel-MQC) was used to detect and estimate lactate content in nine different xenograft tumor models. The lactate concentration was correlated with results from both the lactate values from quantitative bioluminescence imaging and the tumor control dose 50 (TCD50) of the tumor lines. The Sel-MQC editing filter is an extremely robust method to separate lactate clearly from co-resonant lipids in the NMR spectrum. These lipid signals originate from subcutaneous adipose tissue and intra-tumoral mobile lipids. The comparison of the NMR lactate values with the results from the quantitative bioluminescence showed consistently lower lactate concentration in the NMR measurements. It has been determined that the main reason for this difference is that the NMR method can only detect the free lactate, whereas with the bioluminescence technique the entire (free and bound) lactate can be estimated. The NMR lactate, however, showed only a moderate correlation with the TCD50 (R = 0.46), although it is important to note that this parameters can only be regarded as conditional prognostic value for the radiation therapy of tumors. The information content per unit measurement time and thus the efficiency of standard Sel-MQC editing sequence could be increased by several methodological enhancements. An additional spectral selective water suppression scheme and a second signal acquisition window allowed – beside the detection of lactate – the acquisition of all other 1H NMR resonances with a short echo time. Using this method in vivo for tumor characterization, the lactate resonance, the total choline signal and the methyl and methylene groups of mobile lipids could be detected in the same scan. In addition to the lactate, the ratio of lipid methylene to total choline (L1/tCho ratio) appeared to be a significant parameter when distinguishing between two different types of xenograft tumor models. The classical spectroscopic Sel-MQC pulse sequence, where spatial localization is performed by pure phase encoding, could be accelerated by applying a read gradient. Typical artifacts from the water resonance after Sel-MQC filtering could be suppressed by using the two scan Dixon principle to separate the edited metabolite signal from the residual water resonance. A phase sensitive signal addition of the two acquisitions resulted in artefact-free metabolite images. Further, it was shown that when the acquisition time is adjusted (depending on T2* of the edited resonance), the method employing the read gradient is almost as sensitive as the pure phase encoded experiment. The frequency selective refocusing of the lactate CH3-group allowed the acquisition of multiple lactate echoes without phase-modulation from the J-coupling in the signal. The multiple echoes could be used either to further accelerate the sequence or to estimate the apparent transversal relaxation time of the metabolite. The basic principle of the Sel-MQC filter was also used in a reverse manner to detect mobile lipids in tumor tissue without signal contamination from the co-resonant lactate. This increases the specificity of the method to the mobile lipid in tumor tissue. The principle for the suppression of the co-resonant metabolite signal is based on the J-coupling and therefore neither relaxation times nor diffusion coefficients must be known for successful mobile lipid detection. The lipid editing is achieved in a single preparation, which makes the method robust against motion artefacts. The sequence can be combined with other methods, for example, by adding diffusion gradients to determine the apparent diffusion coefficient of mobile lipids in tumors. The high magnetic field of 17.6 T and the large chemical shift is particularly suited to perform non-invasive and non-destructive spectroscopic measurements in plant systems. In the last part of this thesis, different localized 1D and 2D NMR methods and spectroscopic imaging were used to investigate the metabolism of wild type and mutant forms of Pisum sativum. Metabolite concentration in the endosperm of Pisum sativum estimated with localized NMR spectroscopy was correlated with results from biochemical analysis. Further, with the different non-invasive NMR methods, results were obtained which cannot be achieved by other biochemical or histological analyses. Localized NMR spectroscopic methods provide additional and unique approaches to answer biological and biochemical questions in plant systems or – as in this work – even in plant seeds

On the averaging of cardiac diffusion tensor MRI data: the effect of distance function selection.

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) allows a unique insight into the microstructure of highly-directional tissues. The selection of the most proper distance function for the space of diffusion tensors is crucial in enhancing the clinical application of this imaging modality. Both linear and nonlinear metrics have been proposed in the literature over the years. The debate on the most appropriate DT-MRI distance function is still ongoing. In this paper, we presented a framework to compare the Euclidean, affine-invariant Riemannian and log-Euclidean metrics using actual high-resolution DT-MRI rat heart data. We employed temporal averaging at the diffusion tensor level of three consecutive and identically-acquired DT-MRI datasets from each of five rat hearts as a means to rectify the background noise-induced loss of myocyte directional regularity. This procedure is applied here for the first time in the context of tensor distance function selection. When compared with previous studies that used a different concrete application to juxtapose the various DT-MRI distance functions, this work is unique in that it combined the following: (i) metrics were judged by quantitative-rather than qualitative-criteria, (ii) the comparison tools were non-biased, (iii) a longitudinal comparison operation was used on a same-voxel basis. The statistical analyses of the comparison showed that the three DT-MRI distance functions tend to provide equivalent results. Hence, we came to the conclusion that the tensor manifold for cardiac DT-MRI studies is a curved space of almost zero curvature. The signal to noise ratio dependence of the operations was investigated through simulations. Finally, the 'swelling effect' occurrence following Euclidean averaging was found to be too unimportant to be worth consideration

Ex vivo porcine model to measure pH dependence of chemical exchange saturation transfer effect of glycosaminoglycan in the intervertebral disc

PurposeStudies have linked low pH and loss of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the intervertebral discs (IVDs) of patients with discogenic back pain. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) effect of GAG (gagCEST) is pH dependent and whether it can be used to detect pH changes in IVD specimens. Iopromide, a Food and Drug Administration approved agent for CT/X-Ray, was also evaluated as a pH-sensitive CEST probe to explore the agents' potential to measure IVD pH.MethodsThe pH dependency of the CEST effect of chondroitin sulfate (containing GAG) and Iopromide phantoms was investigated at 7 T. Z-spectra from porcine IVD specimens were acquired before and after manipulating the pH with sodium lactate. Iopromide was injected into the specimens and the calibration curve was used to determine the pH status.ResultsChondroitin sulfate showed a non-linear dependence of gagCEST effect with pH and gagCEST signal differences were detected in the specimens. The CEST effect of Iopromide resulted in a sigmoidal relation with pH and was used to measure pH.ConclusiongagCEST is sensitive to pH and enables investigation of the IVD pH status. Iopromide CEST is independent of the local GAG concentration and has the potential for measuring pH in the IVD

T1ρ Hip Cartilage Mapping in Assessing Patients With Cam Morphology: How Can We Optimize the Regions of Interest?

BACKGROUND T1ρ MRI has been shown feasible to detect the biochemical status of hip cartilage, but various region-of-interest strategies have been used, compromising the reproducibility and comparability between different institutions and studies. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The purposes of this study were (1) to determine representative regions of interest (ROIs) for cartilage T1ρ mapping in hips with a cam deformity; and (2) to assess intra- and interobserver reliability for cartilage T1ρ mapping in hips with a cam deformity. METHODS The local ethics committee approved this prospective study with written informed consent obtained. Between 2010 and 2013, in 54 hips (54 patients), T1ρ 1.5-T MRI was performed. Thirty-eight hips (38 patients; 89% male) with an average age of 35 ± 7.5 years (range, 23-51 tears) were diagnosed with a cam deformity; 16 hips (16 patients; 87% male) with an average age of 34 ± 7 years (range, 23-47 years) were included in the control group. Of the 38 patients with a cam deformity, 20 were pain-free and 18 symptomatic patients underwent surgery after 6 months of failed nonsurgical management of antiinflammatories and physical therapy. Exclusion criteria were radiologic sings of osteoarthritis with Tönnis Grade 2 or higher as well as previous hip surgery. Three region-of-interest (ROI) selections were analyzed: Method 1: as a whole; Method 2: as 36 to 54 small ROIs (sections of 30° in the sagittal plane and 3 mm in the transverse plane); Method 3a: as six ROIs (sections of 90° in the sagittal plane and one-third of the acetabular depth in the transverse plane: the anterosuperior and posterosuperior quadrants, divided into lateral, intermediate, and medial thirds); and Method 3b: as the ratio (anterosuperior over posterosuperior quadrant). ROIs in Method 3 represent the region of macroscopic cartilage damage, described in intraoperative findings. To asses interobserver reliability, 10 patients were analyzed by two observers (HA, GM). For intraobserver reliability, 20 hip MRIs were analyzed twice by one observer (HA). To assess interscan reliability, three patients underwent two scans within a time period of 2 weeks and were analyzed twice by one observer (HA). T1ρ values were compared using Student's t test. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and root mean square coefficient of variation (RMS-CV) were used to analyze intraobserver, interobserver, and interscan reliability. RESULTS Patients with a cam deformity showed increased T1ρ values in the whole hip cartilage (mean: 34.0 ± 3.8 ms versus 31.4 ± 3.0 ms; mean difference: 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.7-0.4; p = 0.019; Method 1), mainly anterolateral (2), in the lateral and medial thirds of the anterosuperior quadrant (mean: 32.3 ± 4.9 ms versus 29.4 ± 4.1 ms; mean difference: 3.0; 95% CI, 5.8-0.2; p = 0.039 and mean 36.5 ± 5.6 ms versus 32.6 ± 3.8 ms; mean difference: 3.8; 95% CI, 6.9-0.8; p = 0.014), and in the medial third of the posterosuperior quadrant (mean: 34.4 ± 5.5 ms versus 31.1 ± 3.9 ms; mean difference: 3.1; 95% CI, 6.2-0.1; p = 0.039) (3a). The ratio was increased in the lateral third (mean: 1.00 ± 0.12 versus 0.90 ± 0.15; mean difference: 0.10; 95% CI, 0.18-0.2; p = 0.018) (3b). ICC and RMS-CV were 0.965 and 4% (intraobserver), 0.953 and 4% (interobserver), and 0.988 (all p < 0.001) and 9% (inter-MR scan), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cartilage T1ρ MRI mapping in hips is feasible at 1.5 T with strong inter-, intraobserver, and inter-MR scan reliability. The six ROIs (Method 3) showed a difference of T1ρ values anterolateral quadrant, consistent with the dominant area of cartilage injury in cam femoroacetabular impingement, and antero- and posteromedial, indicating involvement of the entire hip cartilage health. The six ROIs (Method 3) have been shown feasible to assess cartilage damage in hips with a cam deformity using T1ρ MRI. We suggest applying this ROI selection for further studies using quantitative MRI for assessment of cartilage damage in hips with a cam deformity to achieve better comparability and reproducibility between different studies. The application of this ROI selection on hips with other deformities (eg, pincer deformity, developmental dysplasia of the hip, and acetabular retroversion) has to be analyzed and potentially adapted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, diagnostic study

Novel functionalization of discrete polymeric biomaterial microstructures for applications in imaging and three-dimensional manipulation.

Adapting ways to functionalize polymer materials is becoming increasingly important to their implementation in translational biomedical sciences. By tuning the mechanical, chemical, and biological qualities of these materials, their applications can be broadened, opening the door for more advanced integration into modern medical techniques. Here, we report on a method to integrate chemical functionalizations into discrete, microscale polymer structures, which are used for tissue engineering applications, for in vivo localization, and three-dimensional manipulation. Iron oxide nanoparticles were incorporated into the polymer matrix using common photolithographic techniques to create stably functional microstructures with magnetic potential. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we can promote visualization of microstructures contained in small collections, as well as facilitate the manipulation and alignment of microtopographical cues in a realistic tissue environment. Using similar polymer functionalization techniques, fluorine-containing compounds were also embedded in the polymer matrix of photolithographically fabricated microstructures. The incorporation of fluorine-containing compounds enabled highly sensitive and specific detection of microstructures in physiologic settings using fluorine MRI techniques ((19)F MRI). These functionalization strategies will facilitate more reliable noninvasive tracking and characterization of microstructured polymer implants as well as have implications for remote microstructural scaffolding alignment for three-dimensional tissue engineering applications

Bone marrow adiposity modulation after long duration spaceflight in astronauts

Abstract Space travel requires metabolic adaptations from multiple systems. While vital to bone and blood production, human bone marrow adipose (BMA) tissue modulation in space is unknown. Here we show significant downregulation of the lumbar vertebrae BMA in 14 astronauts, 41 days after landing from six months’ missions on the International Space Station. Spectral analyses indicated depletion of marrow adipose reserves. We then demonstrate enhanced erythropoiesis temporally related to low BMA. Next, we demonstrated systemic and then, local lumbar vertebrae bone anabolism temporally related to low BMA. These support the hypothesis that BMA is a preferential local energy source supplying the hypermetabolic bone marrow postflight, leading to its downregulation. A late postflight upregulation abolished the lower BMA of female astronauts and BMA modulation amplitude was higher in younger astronauts. The study design in the extreme environment of space can limit these conclusions. BMA modulation in astronauts can help explain observations on Earth