Impacts of ocean biogeochemistry on atmospheric chemistry

26 pags., 2 figs. -- This review is a contribution to the international Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)Ocean biogeochemistry involves the production and consumption of an array of organic compounds and halogenated trace gases that influence the composition and reactivity of the atmosphere, air quality, and the climate system. Some of these molecules affect tropospheric ozone and secondary aerosol formation and impact the atmospheric oxidation capacity on both regional and global scales. Other emissions undergo transport to the stratosphere, where they contribute to the halogen burden and influence ozone. The oceans also comprise a major sink for highly soluble or reactive atmospheric gases. These issues are an active area of research by the SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere) community. This article provides a status report on progress over the past decade, unresolved issues, and future research directions to understand the influence of ocean biogeochemistry on gas-phase atmospheric chemistry. Common challenges across the subject area involve establishing the role that biology plays in controlling the emissions of gases to the atmosphere and the inclusion of such complex processes, for example involving the sea surface microlayer, in large-scale global models.This publication resulted in part from support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1840868) to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)Peer reviewe

Minimising impairment: Protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial of upper limb orthoses for children with cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND: Upper limb orthoses are frequently prescribed for children with cerebral palsy (CP) who have muscle overactivity predominantly due to spasticity, with little evidence of long-term effectiveness. Clinical consensus is that orthoses help to preserve range of movement: nevertheless, they can be complex to construct, expensive, uncomfortable and require commitment from parents and children to wear. This protocol paper describes a randomised controlled trial to evaluate whether long-term use of rigid wrist/hand orthoses (WHO) in children with CP, combined with usual multidisciplinary care, can prevent or reduce musculoskeletal impairments, including muscle stiffness/tone and loss of movement range, compared to usual multidisciplinary care alone. METHODS/DESIGN: This pragmatic, multicentre, assessor-blinded randomised controlled trial with economic analysis will recruit 194 children with CP, aged 5-15 years, who present with flexor muscle stiffness of the wrist and/or fingers/thumb (Modified Ashworth Scale score =1). Children, recruited from treatment centres in Victoria, New South Wales and Western Australia, will be randomised to groups (1:1 allocation) using concealed procedures. All children will receive care typically provided by their treating organisation. The treatment group will receive a custom-made serially adjustable rigid WHO, prescribed for 6 h nightly (or daily) to wear for 3 years. An application developed for mobile devices will monitor WHO wearing time and adverse events. The control group will not receive a WHO, and will cease wearing one if previously prescribed. Outcomes will be measured 6 monthly over a period of 3 years. The primary outcome is passive range of wrist extension, measured with fingers extended using a goniometer at 3 years. Secondary outcomes include muscle stiffness, spasticity, pain, grip strength and hand deformity. Activity, participation, quality of life, cost and cost-effectiveness will also be assessed. DISCUSSION: This study will provide evidence to inform clinicians, services, funding agencies and parents/carers of children with CP whether the provision of a rigid WHO to reduce upper limb impairment, in combination with usual multidisciplinary care, is worth the effort and costs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ANZ Clinical Trials Registry: U1111-1164-0572

Abstracts from the 20th International Symposium on Signal Transduction at the Blood-Brain Barriers

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138963/1/12987_2017_Article_71.pd

Sijoitettujen nuorten kokemuksia perhehoidosta

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, minkälaisia ovat perhehoitoon sijoitettujen nuorten suhteet biologisiin vanhempiinsa, sijaisvanhempiinsa sekä lähiympäristöönsä. Tutkimus toteutettiin vuosina 2012 - 2013 haastatellen neljää perhehoitoon sijoitettua nuorta.The aim of this study was to find out what kind of relationships do the adolescents in foster care have with their biological parents, foster parents as well as their immediate surroundings. The research was carried out in 2012 - 2013 interviewing four teenagers placed in foster care

Associations Between Masculine Norms and Health-Care Utilization in Highly Religious, Heterosexual Men

The purpose of this study was to use focus groups to explore married men’s avoidance of health-care utilization. Five focus groups of 8 to 10 married, heterosexual, male participants (N = 44) were conducted and analyzed using grounded theory methods. Several important themes emerged connected to how masculine norms were associated with health-care utilization at several domains including at the organizational level (perceptions of doctors), interpersonal level (past family context and current family context), and individual level (illness severity, money concerns). These themes were all connected with the societal theme of masculine norms, where men’s reasons for health-care utilization (or underutilization) seemed in large part to emerge because of their perceptions of male gender roles. Implications for married men’s health-care utilization and health prevention education will be discussed