Sur les dois (vallons) du karst

.Le point de départ de nos considérations fut Cepovan, magnifique vallon sec,* le plus grand des vallons secs en Slovénie, et peut-être bien aussi dans toute la Yougoslavie et le monde en général. Mais nous lui avons consacré notre attention non seulement à cause de sa forme très particulière du monde karstique en elle[1]même, mais pour traiter par là de la catégorie des vallons karstiques dont elle fait partie en tant que formation d’érosion fluviale la plus grande et la plus convain[1]cante. Nous avons en Slovénie un bon nombre de vallons karstiques, mais la formation la plus voisine quant au relief, les vallées sèches, s’y mêle et leur res[1]semble le plus. Certains vallons ont été soumis à la karstification dès le stade initial et pour cette raison ils sont restés peu profonds et, de ce fait, nous les désignons purement et simplement comme des vallées sèches. Les vallons karstiques secs sont une preuve convaincante que dans cette région plus tard karstifiée prédomina d’abord un écoulement d’eau normal en surface. Plus le vallon est profond, plus il nous témoigne par là qu’un écoulement d’eau normal a persisté encore longtemps, tandis que dans le voisinage la karstification avait déjà entière[1]ment pris le dessus. Les vallons'peu profonds nous disent, par contre, que la karstifi[1]cation a bientôt prédominé aussi dans le domaine du cours d’eau supérieur. Particulièrement instructive est la connaisance que le relief actuel nous révèle que nous avons devant nous dans le monde calcaire des vallons qui sont, par leurs dimensions, leur rôle hydrographique et le processus géomorphologique, entièrement semblables aux vallons fossiles, tel parmi eux le plus grand et le plus caractéristique dol (vallon) de Cepovan. Nous avons un grand nombre de vallons vivants de ce genre en processus de formation en Slovénie — et pareille[1]ment dans les autres régions calcaires de Yougoslavie. Nous en avons sur les fleuves et les petites rivières, et cela aux endroits où le cours d’eau coule à travers une masse calcaire continue déjà soumise à la karstification, où pourtant la rivière qui traverse cette masse résiste encore à la karstification parce quelle reçoit assez d’eau du bassin imperméable supérieur. Nous voyons de tels vallons en formation, que nous avons traité et comparé avec le vallon sec de Cepovan, sur le cours moyen de la Soča au-dessus de Gorica, sur la Kolpa entre Kostel et Stari trg, sur ITška et encore le long de nombreuses autres rivières de Slovénie. Nous connaissons donc des vallons à l’état vivant au temps présent et en processus de formation encore ultérieure. Nous en avons sous forme de formation quaternaire et de durée et nous en avons du pliocène supérieur, soit comme fos[1]siles ou secs, soit que les vallons actuels au long des rivières vivantes ont com[1]mencé à se former déjà dans les périodes du pliocène. Et ce qui est particulièrement typique: la forme extérieure et les traces de transformation dans les vallons ne révèlent pas de différences entre les vallons de diverses époques, mais témoignent que les processus de transformation ne dépendent pas des diversités climatiques et restent égaux à eux-mêmes à travers les différentes époques climatiques. En nous appuyant sur ces constatations, nous pouvons aussi confirmer la conclusion que le territoire calcaire, qui fut plus tard progressivement saisi par le processus de la karstification, était d’abord entrelacé de cours d’eau vivants, et que les fleuves et les rivières, qui formèrent des vallons pareils à des canons, ont résisté le plus longtemps ou même d’une manière durable à la karstification

A nation in the making

Title: Narod, ki nastaja (A nation in the making) Originally published: Ljubljanski zvon (a monthly on literature and educa-tion), Ljubljana, 1918, vol 38, issue 8. Language: SloveneThe excerpt used is from the original, pp. 476–484. About the author Anton Melik [1890, Črna vas (Ger. Schwarzendorf, present-day Slovenia) – 1966, Ljubljana]: geographer and historian. He studied in Vienna between 1911 and 1916, and in 1927 received his doctorate in geography from Ljubljana University. He started..

The structures and electronic configuration of compound I intermediates of Helicobacter pylori and Penicillium vitale catalases determined by X-ray crystallography and QM/MM density functional theory calculations

The structures of Helicobacter pylori (HPC) and Penicillium vitale (PVC) catalases, each with two subunits in the crystal asymmetric unit, oxidized with peroxoacetic acid are reported at 1.8 and 1.7 Å resolution, respectively. Despite the similar oxidation conditions employed, the iron-oxygen coordination length is 1.72 Å for PVC, close to what is expected for a Fe=O double bond, and 1.80 and 1.85 Å for HPC, suggestive of a Fe-O single bond. The structure and electronic configuration of the oxoferryl heme and immediate protein environment is investigated further by QM/MM density functional theory calculations. Four different active site electronic configurations are considered, Por•+-FeIV=O, Por•+- FeIV=O⋯HiSH+, Por•+-Fe IV-OH+ and Por-FeIV-OH (a protein radical is assumed in the latter configuration). The electronic structure of the primary oxidized species, Por•+-FeIV=O, differs qualitatively between HPC and PVC with an A2u-like porphyrin radical delocalized on the porphyrin in HPC and a mixed A1u-like >fluctuating> radical partially delocalized over the essential distal histidine, the porphyrin, and, to a lesser extent, the proximal tyrosine residue. This difference is rationalized in terms of HPC containing heme b and PVC containing heme d. It is concluded that compound I of PVC contains an oxoferryl Por •+-FeIV=O species with partial protonation of the distal histidine and compound I of HPC contains a hydroxoferryl Por-Fe IV-OH with the second oxidation equivalent delocalized as a protein radical. The findings support the idea that there is a relation between radical migration to the protein and protonation of the oxoferryl bond in catalase. © 2007 American Chemical Society.This work was supported by Grants 2005SGR-00036 from the Generalitat de Catalunya and FIS2005-00655 from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC). The computer resources were provided by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). X.C. was supported by the Spanish Research Council (CSIC), through the I3P research contract program, and M.A.-P. was supported by a F.I. fellowship from the Generalitat de Catalunya. This work was also supported by Grant OGP9600 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (to P.C.L.) and by the Canadian Research Chair Program (to P.C.L.)Peer Reviewe

Modernism: The Creation of Nation-States

This is the first part of the third volume of the four-volume series, a daring project of CEU Press, presenting the most important texts that triggered and shaped the processes of nation-building in the many countries of Central and Southeast Europe. The aim is to confront ‘mainstream’ and seemingly successful national discourses with each other, thus creating a space for analyzing those narratives of identity which became institutionalized as “national canons.” This is the first part of the third volume, containing 59 texts. This volume presents and illustrates the development of the ideologies of nation states, the “modern” successors of former empires. They exemplify the use modernist ideological framaeworks, from liberalism to socialism, in the context of the fundamental reconfiguration of the political system in this part of Europe between the 1860s and the 1930s. It also gives a panorama of the various solutions proposed for the national question in the region. Why, modernism and not modernity? Modernity implies the West, while modernism was the product of the periphery. The editors use it in a stricter sense, giving it a place between romanticism and anti-modernism, spanning from the 1860s until the decade following World War I.Contributors Nihad Dostović, Stevo Đurašković, Ildiko Erdei, Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Rigels Halili, Nikola Iordanovski, Hamza Karčić, Vangelis Kechriotis, Ohannes Kılıçdağı, Michal Kopeček, Pavol Lukáč, Boyan Manchev, Mateja Ratej, Funda Soysal, Maria Todorova, Balázs Trencsényi, Marius Turda Consultants Bojan Aleksov, Sorin Antohi, Franz Leander Fillafer, Guido Franzinetti, Maciej Janowski, Pavel Kolář, Antonis Liakos, István Margócsy, Diana Mishkova, Bela Rasky, Petra Rybářová Translations by Alena Alexandrova (from Bulgarian), Elena Alexieva (from Bulgarian), Randy Blasing (from Turkish), Krištof Bodrič (from Serbian), Maurice Bowra (from Hungarian), Anna Bryson (from Czech), Jeremiah Curtin (from Polish), Amila Čelebić (from Bosnian), Robert Deveraux (from Turkish), Zornitsa Dimova-Hristova (from Bulgarian), Nihad Dostović (from Bosnian), Vedran Dronjić (from Serbian), Robert Elsie (from Albanian), Ahmet Ersoy (from Turkish), Leonard Fox (from Albanian), Simon Garnett (from German), Edward Dennis Goy (from Croatian), Şirin Güneşer (from Turkish), Rigels Halili (from Albanian), Kathleen Hayes (from Czech), Nikola Iordanovski (from Macedonian), Hamza Karčić (from Bosnian), Mary Kitroeff (from Greek), Ohannes Kılıçdağı (from Armenian), Mutlu Konuk (from Turkish), Mária Kovács (from Romanian), G. J. Kovtun (from Czech), Linda Krstajić (from Serbian), Jasna Levinger-Goy (from Croatian), Zuzanna Ładyga (from Polish), Pavol Lukáč (from Slovak), Adam Makkai (from Hungarian), Janice Mathie-Heck (from Albanian), W. L. McElwee (from German), Eric Mosbacher (from Polish), Joe O’Donnell (from German), Dávid Oláh (from Hungarian), Cecil Parrott (from Czech), Derek Paton (from Czech, Slovak, and German), Burton Pike (from German), Iva Polak (from Croatian), Robert Russell (from German and Czech), Henry Wickham Steed (from Croatian), A. J. P. Taylor (from German), Marius Turda (from Romanian), Alicia Tyszkiewicz (from Polish), Olga Vuković (from Slovene), Agnieszka Wierzcholska (from German), Sophie Wilkins (from German), Peter Zollman (from Hungarian) Copy-editor Benjamin Trigona-Haran

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research