81 research outputs found

    The assessment of environmentally sensitive forest road construction technique in difficult terrain conditions

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    Bu çalışmada, dozer ve ekskavatör makine türleri ile dik eğimli arazide (% 35-50)  örnek alanlar seçilerek incelemeler yapılmış, orman yollarının yapımı sırasında ormana verilen doğrudan çevresel zararlar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, orman yolu inşaatlarının neden olduğu orman alanlarındaki kayıplar, yol altında kalan ağaçlara verilen zararlar, ormanın görsel değeri açısından verilen zararlar ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.Ekskavatör ile yapılan çalışmada açılan orman alanının dozere göre %22.16 oranında daha az olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dozer ile çalışma yapılan alanda görsel bozukluk oluşturan şeridin daha büyük ve ekskavatörünkinin yaklaşık 1.5 katı genişlikte olduğu, yol güzergahı aşağısındaki ağaçlarda dozer ile çalışılan alandaki hasar oranının (% 38), ekskavatör ile çalışılan alandaki hasar oranından (% 19) büyük olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Orman yolu inşaatı, çevresel zarar, ekskavatör.Forest road construction by dozers in mountainous terrain causes considerable damage to environment and forest standing alongside the road. This situation obliges to study on environmentally sound road construction. This study is carried out in sample sites which are selected in steep terrain conditions (35-50 % gradient) with dozer and excavator machine kinds and direct damages to forest during road construction are determined. Forest area losses, damages to downhill trees, negative visual impacts are brought out in this scope. Opening forest area at construction by excavator was estimated 22.16 % less than the construction by dozer. Area dedicated to forest road and disturbance of the landscape is determined higher when compared to road construction by excavator according to dozer. Material escaping during the construction or excess material wasted downhill causes damage to trees 38 % rate at construction by dozer and 19 % rate at which by excavator. The environmentally sound forest road construction by use of excavator must be considered as appropriate and reliable solution for mountainous terrain where areas of sensitive forest ecosystems are to be opened up. The potential damage and impact on the environment as well as on the landscape inherent in traditional construction technique by dozer should encourage the use of excavators in forest road construction even in less steep terrain. At first, forest roads must have well-planned alignment and proper design.   Keywords: Forest road construction, environmental damage, excavator

    ORMANCILIKTA TRAKTÖR TİTREŞİMİNİN ERGONOMİK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

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    Ormancılıkta traktör kullanıcıları, diğer teknolojik uygulamalarda ve mesleklerde olduğu gibi, titreşimin bazı olumsuz özelliklerinden dolayı ciddi boyutlarda omurga rahatsızlıkları ile karşı karşıyadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ormancılığında kullanılan traktörlerden operatöre iletilen titreşim ve bu titreşimin insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Titreşim ve etkileri hakkında genel bilgiler verildikten sonra, traktör kullanıcılarının, daha sağlıklı, güvenli ve verimli bir şekilde çalışabilmeleri için alınması gerekli ergonomik önlemler sunulmuştur. Traktör sürücüleri, yüksek seviyede tüm vücut titreşimine maruz kalmaktadırlar. Traktör titreşim bileşenlerinden en önemlisi niceliksel olarak daha büyük değerlere sahip ve insanın duyarlılığının yüksek olduğu düşey yönlü titreşim ivme değeridir. Titreşim kontrolünde öncelikle risk değerlendirmesi yapılmalıdır. Operatör eğitimi, işe uygun araç ve koltuk seçimi ile iş organizasyonu en önemli titreşim kontrol yöntemleridir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ormancılık, Traktör, Titreşim, Operatör, Ergonom

    Simulation of forest harvesting alternative processes and concept design of an innovative skidding winch focused on productivity improvement

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    In contexts in which mechanized harvesting is limited, such as in the northwestern Black Sea region of Turkey, it is important to improve timber harvesting productivity while preserving operators' safety and reducing environmental damage. This study aims to introduce a methodology in which the harvesting process is simulated with discrete-event simulation (DES) software in order to identify bottlenecks. An alternative process is compared to the original within the DES software, carrying out further steps oriented to the generation of new innovative product concepts. As a case study, the design of an innovative skidding winch is proposed. The development of the product was focused towards customer satisfaction by collecting customer requirements and identifying quality characteristics with a quality function deployment approach. Contradictions identified in the design phase were solved using the TRIZ contradiction toolkit, generating different product concepts. Inventive solutions provided by TRIZ were designed within parametric CAD software. The concepts were compared in a virtual environment, eventually selecting an optimal solution. The results showed that, with the concept adopted, it is possible to achieve a substantial increase in productivity, from 121% to 133%, in terms of kilograms of logs per hour deposited on the landing

    The Influence of Tractor-Seat Height above the Ground on Lateral Vibrations

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    Farmers experience whole-body vibrations when they drive tractors. Among the various factors that influence the vibrations to which the driver is exposed are terrain roughness, tractor speed, tire type and pressure, rear axle width, and tractor seat height above the ground. In this paper the influence of tractor seat height above the ground on the lateral vibrations to which the tractor driver is exposed is studied by means of a geometrical and an experimental analysis. Both analyses show that: (i) lateral vibrations experienced by a tractor driver increase linearly with tractor-seat height above the ground; (ii) lateral vibrations to which the tractor driver is exposed can equal or exceed vertical vibrations; (iii) in medium-size tractors, a feasible 30 cm reduction in the height of the tractor seat, which represents only 15% of its current height, will reduce the lateral vibrations by around 20%; and (iv) vertical vibrations are scarcely influenced by tractor-seat height above the ground. The results suggest that manufacturers could increase the comfort of tractors by lowering tractor-seat height above the ground, which will reduce lateral vibrations

    Risk factor analysis of fatal forest harvesting accidents: A case study in Turkey

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    The aim of this research was to identify the major factors responsible for fatal occupational accidents in forest harvesting operations in Turkey. A model was developed which determined five main factors and forty-five sub-factors leading to accidents during forestry operations, and then the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the degree of importance of the factors and sub-factors in the model. In addition, the faulty behavioural risks of several recent fatal accidents which occurred in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey were identified using the AHP model. In conclusion, personal factors (32\%) and organisational factors (22\%) were ranked as the two most important causes of the incidences of fatal forest harvesting accidents. Furthermore, the major effective sub-factors causing fatal accidents were found. These included positioning in dangerous zone (5.0\%), carelessness (4.9\%), disorderly behaviour (4.9\%), and unsuitable selection of workers (4.7\%). It was observed that the risk level of these recent fatal accidents exceeded the risk limit value, which ranged from 0.578 to 0.718. The analysis revealed that forest managers should assign a more important role to training and selection of workers in order to reduce the number of fatal harvesting accidents. Although the application of the model proposed in this study is specific to fatal forestry harvesting accidents, it could be modified and applied to other types of forestry accidents. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

    TERAS AĞAÇLANDIRMALARINDA KULLANILAN MİNİ EKSKAVATÖRLERİN ÇALIŞMA VERİMLİLİĞİNİN İNCELENMESİ

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    Makineli ağaçlandırma çalışmaları, farklı şartlarda diri örtü temizliği ve toprak işleme gibi işleri kapsamaktadır. Türkiye topraklarının yaklaşık yarısını oluşturan dik yamaçlarda, teras ağaçlandırmalarının yapılması zorunlu olmaktadır. Eğimli arazilerdeki su ve toprak eksikliğinden kaynaklanan fidan tutma ve büyüme sorunları arazinin teraslanması ile çözülebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Bursa yöresinde teras ağaçlandırmalarında kullanılan mini ekskavatörlerin çalışma verimleri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, yörede kullanılan mini ekskavatörler ile terasların yapılması sırasında çalışma şekli incelenmiş ve zaman etütleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler ile teras çeşitleri ve makine türlerine göre çalışma verimleri belirlenmiş ve mini ekskavatörlerin ekosisteme etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Ortalama çalışma verimleri hendekli teraslarda 34.12 m/sa, çukurlu teraslarda 20.25 m/sa olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, dik yamaçlardaki teras ağaçlandırmalarında, verimi yüksek ve ekosistemi tahrip etmeyen mini ekskavatörlerin kullanımı teşvik edilmelidir
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