A POSSIBLE WAY OF PERFORMING THE STADIUM RACE AT THE FESTIVITY GAMES IN OLYMPIA

The subject of this paper is a complex one, given that it deals with track and field, history, history of art and archeology. Intensive studies in this field began with the renewed Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. The beginning of the new millennium and modern technology have brought the first attempts at animation regarding the possible ways of performing the events at the ancient Olympic Games, among which was the stadium race. The problems that arose with the progress of a one-stade track and field race through a period of 12 centuries at the Festivity Games in Olympia can be solved integrally through aspects of axiological, epistemological and ontological questions, as well as through the experimental method of a possible way of performing the one-stade track and field race, which was represented at the Festivity Games in Olympia. Different analyses, descriptions, hypotheses and views by many authors dealing with the subject of ancient track and field events and way they were performed were the reason for this study in light of a possible way of performing the stadium race. The aim of this study was to define the most authentic way of performing the stadium race at the ancient Olympic Games. Historical and experimental methods were used in this study. Research results indicate that there were differences in this event was performed during the 12 centuries of life of the Festivity Games in Olympia. The research has been justified by an effort to clarify existing scientific hypotheses concerning a possible manner of performing the one-stade race at the ancient Olympic Games.

CHANGE OF ECG PARAMETERS DEPENDING ON THE LOAD LEVEL IN ATHLETES

The influence of physical training on bodies of athletes leads to changes that can be characterized as morphological, functional, electrophysiological and psychological. Dynamic exercise, such as running, swimming and riding a bicycle, leads to volume load of heart. Static exercise (gymnastics, weightlifting, wrestling) leads to the development of relatively large muscle force, with or without changes in muscle length and movement of the joint. Given the frequent number of sudden cardiac death cases in sport, it is important to distinguish between changes of the heart that occur as a result of adaptation to physical activity and changes due to some pathological conditions. The aim of this paper is to present the latest information on changes in ECG parameters depending on the load of athletes while performing aerobic trainings in order to better identify markers of adverse cardiovascular events, particularly sudden death in athletes. It is common to see on the ECG of athletes at rest hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle, interventricular conduction disorder, positive ST changes, and short-term tachycardia. Changes that occur in athletes are due to increased vagal tone and suppression of sympathetic nerve regulation. Many changes can be attributed to intrinsic cardiac component that is responsible for the lower frequency of athlete's heart deinnervation (with atropine or propranolol), which means that intense training influences how the autonomic regulation and the intrisic cardiac pacemaker function. It is common for athletes to have sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia, first degree AV block and Mobitz I, as well as junctional rhythm, ST segment elevation, high and sharp, or biphasic T-waves, while ST depression or isolated T-wave inversion are less common. They can also have increased amplitude of P-wave and QRS complex, QRS axis rotation to the right and incomplete right branch block. Some but insufficient data tell about the presence of the third-degree AV block and atrial and ventricular ectopic beats and their predictive role for malignant rhythm disorders

CHANGES IN LIPOPROTEIN INDICATOR AND INDICATOR OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AFTER IMPLEMENTED CARDIOVASCULAR REHABILITATION PROGRAM

Insufficient physical activity in the world annually is the cause of death of 1.9 million people. According to the data from the World Health Report, physical inactivity is about to become the global problem. Regular physical activity and good physical shape raise the functional capacity and the quality of patient’s life. With physical activity it is possible to improve metabolic, endothelial, lateral-muscular, pulmonary and cardiovascular functions of an organism, but also the function of the autonomous nervous system. The endothelium has the important role in maintaining the normal cardiovascular tonus and blood fluidity by reducing the platelet activity and the adhesion of leukocytes, and also by restricting the reaction of vascular inflammation. The aim of this paper was to present the recent data about effects of cardiovascular rehabilitation and physical training on lipoproteins’ status and markers of endothelial function. The impact of physical activity on the lipid status is accomplished by affecting the enzymes of lipoprotein metabolism, including the lipoprotein and the liver lipase and the movable protein of cholesterol ester (11). The studies point out that aerobic physical activity result in increasing of HDL concentration and the decrease of the triglycerides value, total and LDL cholesterol. The connection, which is dose-dependant, exists between physical activity and the lipid level, as the arguments which suggest that the duration of physical activity is the key parameter in modification of the lipid metabolism. Physical activity leads to the beneficial changes in the cardiovascular and lipid indicators and improves the endothelial function in the secondary prevention of coronary disease. Reduction of the lipid parameters by introducing physical rehabilitation and dietetic regime lie in the basis of secondary prevention of coronary disease. Furthermore, there is a constant improvement in NO biodisposability and therewith the improvement in endothelial function

EXAMINATION OF EFFECTS OF ARTHYSTIC GYMNASTICS TEACHING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON STATIC STRENGTH OF 3TH & 4TH GRADE PUPILS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

In this work, the subject of the research is only one segment of the anthropological area, which refers to the appearance of appropriate motor abilities-coordination. Static strength Static strength is ability to retain in nonmetrics contraction of muscle that body is preserved in certain position. Static work as physical work doesn’t exist in static strength, because development doesn’t exist, but quality of static work the muscle should start with physiology’s opinion of work. Static work is used for demonstration the power during that last.The battery for the evaluation of static strength consists of the following tests: MVIS, MIPR, MINS. During the 2005/06 academic year, a research was conducted so as to determine the effects of current program of physical education teaching on motor abilities coordination of female pupils. The research involved a total sample of 107 girls from the 3th and 4th grade of elementary school. The subjects were classified in one experimental and one control group. The experimental group was made of 59 students and they were practicing according to planning instruction where the artistic gymnastics had the primary part. The control group of 48 students was practicing according to official instructional plan and program for P.E. of the Republic of Serbia. At the beginning of the academic year, initial (first) measurement was performed, followed by experimental final (second) measurement at the end of experiment. Research data was processed using SPSS standard statistics procedure. The multi-variant procedures were used in this research ant those were: the multi-variant analysis of the variable (MANOVA) and the discriminative analysis. Also, the mono- variant procedures were used and those were: the variable analysis (ANOVA) and the interval of entrust. After the experimental treatment, i.e. at the final testing, significant differences were found with female pupils in the experimental and control groups concerning the all tests for the evaluation of static strength. The basic conclusion is that the female pupils of all,experimental groups achieved significantly higher teaching effects than the control group, in view of partly increased motor abilities, being the result of the effects of the experimental treatment, as well as other external and internal factors

EXAMINATION OF EFFECTS OF ARTHYSRIC GYMNASTICS TEACHING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON FUNCTIONALL ABYLITIES OF 3RD & 4TH GRADE PUPILS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

In this work, the subject of the research is only one segment of the anthropological area, which refers to the appearance of appropriate morphological characteristic. The research involved a total sample of 107 girls from the 3th and 4th grade of elementary school. The subjects were classified in experimental and control groups. The experimental group was made of 59 students and they were practicing according to planning instruction where the arthystic gymnastics had the primary part. The control group of 48 students was practicing according to official instructional plan and program for P.E. of the Republic of Serbia. The battery for the evaluation of functional abilities consists of the following tests: vital capacity by spirometer, Lorenc`s test and heart puls in peace. Research data was processed using SPSS standard statistics procedure. There were calculated: Basic statistics parameters (mean, standard deviation, Min/Max numeric score, interval of confidence, coefficient of variation), Descriptive statistic parameters, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the evaluation of normality of test result distribution of applied variables. The multi-variant procedures were used in this research ant those were: the multi-variant analysis of the variable (MANOVA) and the discriminative analysis. Also, the mono-variant procedures were used and those were: the variable analysis (ANOVA) and the interval of entrust. After the experimental treatment, i.e. at the final testing, significant differences were found with female pupils in experimental and control groups concerning the two of four tests for the evaluation of functional abilities

PLANNING AND PROGRAMING OF THE TRAINING PROCESS WITH YOUNG SPRINTERS IN THE PREPARATORY PERIOD

the training process, it is necessary to know the rules and to apply the leading factors in time (the application of the means of physical exercises, methods, organizational forms of work and the scope optimization of the load intensity) which contribute to the effi ciency of the training process. The morphologic status represented by the information on longitudinal and transferal dimensionality of the skeleton as well as the information on the body volume has the doubtless but relatively small signifi cance for achieving the results in sprinter running as with men as well as with women. Sport result in the training process is the product of made selection, regular organization of the working methods and all this in compliance with the individual characteristics of a sportsman. The plan and the basic division of the activities are based on the exercises for loosening up, speeding up and on load exercises in all forms of the training proces

EFFECT OF FLEXIBILITY ON THE RESULTS OF DOLPHIN SWIMMING TECHNIQUE

In order to determine the impact of flexibility on the results in swimming, we conducted a study on a sample of 50 female patients aged 11-14 years of age who are in the training process in the swimming clubs „Nis 2005“ and „Sveti Nikola“ in Nis. The study is applied to 14 measuring instruments that were divided into three groups: Measuring instruments for the assessment of flexibility (11); Measuring instruments for assessing the results of swimming (1); Measuring instruments for evaluation of morphological characteristics (2). The regression analysis determined the impact of flexibility on the results in swimming. The regression analysis didn't confirmed the assumption that there is a statistically significant effect of flexibility variables on results in swimming for female swimmer

EXAMINATION OF EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT GYMNASTICS TEACHING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON STATIC STRENGTH OF 3TH & 4TH GRADE PUPILS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

In this work, the subject of the research is only one segment of the anthropological area, which refers to the appearance of appropriate motor abilities-coordination. Static strength Static strength is ability to retain in nonmetrics contraction of muscle that body is preserved in certain position. Static work as physical work doesn’t exist in static strength, because development doesn’t exist, but quality of static work the muscle should start with physiology’s opinion of work. Static work is used for demonstration the power during that last.The battery for the evaluation of static strength consists of the following tests: MVIS, MIPR, MINS. During the 2005/06 academic year, a research was conducted so as to determine the effects of current program of physical education teaching on motor abilities coordination of female pupils. The research involved a total sample of 102 girls from the 3th and 4th grade of elementary school. The subjects were classified in one experimental and one control group. The experimental group was made of 54 studentsand they were practicing according to planning instruction where the artistic gymnastics had the primary part. The control group of 48 students was practicing according to official instructional plan and program for P.E. of the Republic of Serbia. At the beginning of the academic year, initial (first) measurement was performed, followed by experimental final (second) measurement at the end of experiment. The multi-variant procedures were used in this research ant those were: the multi-variant analysis of the variable (MANCOVA, MANOVA). Also, the mono-variant procedures were used and those were: the variable analysis (ANCOVA, ANOVA) and the interval of entrust. After the experimental treatment, i.e. at the final testing, significant differences were found with female pupils in the experimental and control groups concerning the one of three tests for the evaluation of static strength. The basic conclusion is that the female pupils of all,experimental groups achieved significantly higher teaching effects than the control group, in view of partly increased motor abilities, being the result of the effects of the experimental treatment, as well as other external and internal factors

Examination of effects of gymnastics teaching of physical education on coordination of 3rd & 4th grade pupils of elementary schools

Coordination, as the basic motor ability, is very complex, as the level of the movement regulation can change. In addition, the regulation includes energetic mechanisms as well as mechanisms of simple structuring of movement. The battery for the evaluation of coordination consists of the following tests: MPON, MSL3, MONT. During the 2005/06 academic year, a research was conducted so as to determine the effects of current program of physical education teaching on motor abilities coordination of female pupils. The multi-variant procedures were used in this research ant those were: the multi-variant analysis of the variable MANCOVA, MANOVA and the discriminative analysis. Also, the mono-variant procedures were used and those were: the variable analysis ANCOVA, ANOVA and the interval of entrust. After the experimental treatment, i.e. at the final testing, significant differences were found with female pupils in experimental and control groups concerning the all tests for the evaluation of coordination. The basic conclusion is that the female pupils of experimental group achieved significantly higher teaching effects than the control group, in view of partly increased motor abilities, being the result of the effects of the experimental treatment, as well as other external and internal factors