EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN DE SU PARADIGMA EN MÉXICO

Since the late 1960s the discussion about the limits of growth fueled the development of sustainable development as a paradigm that has dominated strategies and policies, including the proposal in 2012 of Green Economies. Nonetheless, progress has not been achieved, among other reasons for the absence of integrated public policies. With a general perspective, the experience of Mexico’s federal public administration and recent planning instruments is revisited, including the creation of green jobs. With such analysis the conclusion about the importance of integrated public policies is duplicated

EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN DEL PARADIGMA EN MÉXICO

Since the late 1960s the discussion about the limits of growth fueled the development of sustainable development as a paradigm that has dominated strategies and policies, including the proposal in 2012 of Green Economies. Nonetheless, progress has not been achieved, among other reasons for the absence of integrated public policies. With a general perspective, the experience of Mexico’s federal public administration and recent planning instruments is revisited, including the creation of green jobs. With such analysis the conclusion about the importance of integrated public policies is duplicated

EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN DE SU PARADIGMA EN MÉXICO

Since the late 1960s the discussion about the limits of growth fueled the development of sustainable development as a paradigm that has dominated strategies and policies, including the proposal in 2012 of Green Economies. Nonetheless, progress has not been achieved, among other reasons for the absence of integrated public policies. With a general perspective, the experience of Mexico’s federal public administration and recent planning instruments is revisited, including the creation of green jobs. With such analysis the conclusion about the importance of integrated public policies is duplicated

EL DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE Y LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN DEL PARADIGMA EN MÉXICO

Since the late 1960s the discussion about the limits of growth fueled the development of sustainable development as a paradigm that has dominated strategies and policies, including the proposal in 2012 of Green Economies. Nonetheless, progress has not been achieved, among other reasons for the absence of integrated public policies. With a general perspective, the experience of Mexico’s federal public administration and recent planning instruments is revisited, including the creation of green jobs. With such analysis the conclusion about the importance of integrated public policies is duplicated

Freshwater Prawns (Palaemonidae: Macrobrachium) with Abbreviated Larval Development in Rivers of Mexico: Uses, Management, and Conservation Opportunities

The Macrobrachium genus in Mexico is represented by two big groups: the first one, where the larval stages are extended, and the second one, has an abbreviated larval development. There are three main slopes in Mexico or exorheic basins and several endorheic basins such as lakes and inner lagoons. The species with extended larval stage are M. carcinus, M. heterochirus, M. acanthurus, M. olfersii, M. hobbsi, and M. faustinum in the Atlantic and Caribbean slope, while in the Pacific slope, these species are M. americanum, M. occidentale, M. digueti, M. michoacanus, M. acanthochirus, and M. tenellum. These species have important fishery activities on different basins because they live from oasis in desert to main rivers in the bigger basins. However, there are some rivers that have an extended region on their upstream such as Usumacinta, Grijalva, Papaloapan, and Coatzacoalcos basins that in general are considered as hydrological regions. Just in these extended regions, there are more caves in freshwater, springs, and primary or secondary streams, which are covered by short area rivers, and in these places, there are the following species: M. totonacum, M. tuxtlaense, M. oaxacae, M. cosolapaense, M. oaxacae, M. jacatepecense, M. mazatecum, and M. vicconi, while in the cave are M. villalobosi, M. acherontium, and M. sbordonii. However, for these species, the uses are more for the local groups mainly indigenous cultures such as Mayan, Lacandon, Zapotecs and Mixtecs, and others, and their commercial use is only in the local region depending on where these species are distributed

Subterranean waters in Riviera Maya of the Yucatan Peninsula: Vulnerability and the Importance of Monitoring

The Mexican Caribbean coast has great scenic beauty both on the surface and underwater, which is why it has been a developing area for tourism since the 1970s, establishing sites such as Cancun and Playa del Carmen and empowering others such as Cozumel and Tulum. Their biological richness is enormous, especially in the Mesoamerican Reef of which they are a part. However, this richness and scenic beauty are not possible without the ecological assemblages that exist within these regions’ adjacent ecosystems, mainly the surrounding seasonally dry tropical forest and the coastal wetlands that, together with the oceanographic characteristics of the Caribbean Sea, potentiate it, turning the region into the most visited in Latin America. To this end, groundwater plays a very important role in the assemblages of biotic and abiotic elements that are shared with the Caribbean Sea; thus, its constant monitoring allows us to identify how the changes that occur in the tropical forest are producing various changes in the composition and abundance of coastal reef elements. Here, we present results of our study of groundwater conditions (temp, pH, oxygen dissolved, and salinity) in nineteen cenotes and underground rivers of the Riviera Maya and six cenotes of Cozumel. We also profiled the predominant vegetation on the surface of this region, which is a seasonally dry tropical forest, to understand the components and functioning of these subterranean ecosystems to assess their vulnerability and identify their threats from human development (population growth, tourism development, mobility capacity). These threats not only affect the cave and coastal organisms but also the tropical karstic landscapes that are characteristic of these systems

The Habitat Types of Freshwater Prawns (Palaemonidae: <em>Macrobrachium</em>) with Abbreviated Larval Development in Mesoamerica (Mexico, Guatemala and Belize)

The freshwater prawns of genus Macrobrachium with abbreviated larval development have been reported from a diversity of freshwater habitats (caves, springs and primary streams from so-long basins). Here we analysed 360 sites around the Mesoamerican region (Mexico, Guatemala and Belize). At each site, we measured temperature, salinity oxygen dissolved, pH, altitude and water flow velocity values. We documented the riparian vegetation and occurrence and abundance of Macrobrachium populations. All these values were analysed by multi-dimensional scaling and principal components analysis in order to identify key features of the environmental data that determine the habitat types and habitat diversity. The results show that there are Macrobrachium populations in 70 sites inhabiting two main habitats: Lotic and Lentic; and each one have fours subhabitat types. All are defined by altitude range and water velocity that involve the temperature and oxygen variables. In some specific areas, the karstic values on salinity and pH defined some groups. Within the lentic habitats, we identified the following subhabitats: (1) temperate streams, (2) neutral streams, (3) high dissolved oxygen, (4) multifactorial; and for lotic habitats, we identified: (5) water high carbonate, (6) moderate dissolved oxygen, (7) low dissolved oxygen, and (8) high altitude streams. All these subhabitats are located on the drainage basin to the Atlantic Sea, including places from 50 to 850 meters above sea levels and have specifically ranges from temperature, water velocity, pH and salinity for some cases. Also, the geological analysis from the basins where the Macrobrachium inhabit is located showed that the geological faults align with these habitat subdivisions. In this chapter, we discuss the environmental heterogeneity, morphological plasticity and their relationship to physiographic regions across the species ranges

Tropical Subterranean Ecosystems in Mexico, Guatemala and Belize: A Review of Aquatic Biodiversity and Their Ecological Aspects

The subterranean ecosystems in tropical areas of Mexico, North of Guatemala & Belize are very abundant because the karstic soil that allow these formations are the main composition in the Yucatán Peninsula and several mountains systems in these countries; also, they have a strong relationship with tropical forest adjacent where the main energy into the caves have an alloctonous origin. In these three countries there are three different cave conditions: a) freshwater semi-dry caves, b) flooded freshwater systems and c) anchialine systems. Mainly crustaceans and freshwater fishes are the major representative group in the aquatic diversity in these systems because the anchialine members are restricted to Yucatán Peninsula and Islands adjacent. Around 5000 entries to subterranean world there are among these countries, where the Yucatan Peninsula is the area with major caves or cenotes in comparison with southern of Mexico, North of Guatemala and Belize. Into these systems are possible found crustaceans and fishes from different families. The objective of this paper is present a review of these systems according with each karstic areas and show the current map including the location of each systems; as well their subterranean aquatic biodiversity and, finally discuss the relationships among these different areas using their biological aquatic richness in consideration with ecological subterranean conditions

Pautas de comportamiento alimentario y adaptaciones progresivas en los apéndices auxiliares en Agostocaris bozanici y Barbouria yanezi (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Agostocarididae, Hyppolitidae) Norms of feeding behavior and progressive adaptations in auxiliary appendages in Agostocaris bozanici and Barbouria yanezi (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Agostocarididae, Hyppolitidae)

Existen varias características que evidencian las adaptaciones a la vida cavernícola en los crustáceos; las principales son: pérdida de visión, carencia de pigmentación, especialización de estructuras sensoriales y elongación de los apéndices ambulatorios. En consideración a que en la literatura se ha registrado la escasez del alimento como una fuerza evolutiva y que en las cuevas anquihalinas la principal fuente de energía se produce de la acción bacteriana, se realizó un análisis con ayuda de microfotografías para identificar las adaptaciones en los apéndices que los crustáceos de estos ambientes utilizan para comer, pereiópodos quelados y maxilípedos, considerando aquellas especies que viven exclusivamente en áreas con altos niveles de H2S de estos sistemas. Los resultados muestran que Agostocaris bozanici tiene más setas sobre el propodio del tercer maxilípedo mientras que Barbouria yanezi las tiene más fuertes en este apéndice. Pero en el margen interno de los quelípedos de A. bozanici existe una especialización muy particular, ya que muestra una serie de setas largas que posiblemente las usa como una herramienta para separar los microorganismos, quizás ciliados, del sedimento. Se concluye que Barbouria yanezi se alimenta de partículas grandes del material en degradación de la selva tropical circundante, mientras que Agostocaris bozanici tiene una seta desarrollada para comer microorganismos que actúan en la descomposición de este material.There are several adaptations shown by crustaceans to cave life; namely: vision loss, lack of pigmentation, specialization of sensory structures and elongation of ambulatory appendages. Since it has been mentioned in the literature that food scarcity is the evolutionary force and that in anchialine caves the main energy source is produced by bacteria, an scanning electron microscopy analysis was conducted to identify the adaptations in the appendages that these crustaceans use for feeding, chelate pereopods and maxillipeds, considering those species that live exclusively in zones that have high levels of H2S. The results show that Agostocaris bozanici has more setae on the propodus of the third maxilliped whilst Barbouria yanezi has stronger setae in this appendage. But along the inner margin of the chelipeds of A. bozanici is an interesting specialization with a series of long setae possibly used as a tool to separate microorganisms, maybe ciliates, from the sediment. The conclusions are that Barbouria yanezi eats large particulate material in degradation coming from the nearby tropical forest, while Agostocaris bozanici has a specialized seta to eat the microorganisms that decompose this material

Cryphiops sbordonii Baldari, Mejía-Ortíz & López-Mejía, 2010, sp.nov.

Cryphiops sbordonii sp.nov. figs. 2–4 Holotype. Male (Fig. 2 A), (CL) = 25 mm, 0 1 March 2001; V. Sbordoni leg.; Cueva Chamburro, Las Margaritas, Chiapas, Mexico (16 ° 25 ’ 57 ” N 91 ° 56 ’ 40 ” W); CNCR 25106 Allotype. Female (Fig. 2 B), CL= 22.5 mm, 0 1 March 2001; V. Sbordoni leg., same locality as holotype; CNCR 25107 Paratypes. 1 female, CL= 12.3 mm; 0 1 March 2001; V. Sbordoni, coll.; CNCR 25108. Description. Medium sized prawn, maximum total length 54.5 mm. Rostrum short, straight, tip not reaching the distal border of scaphocerite but almost reaching the third article of antennular peduncle; dorsal margin bearing 8 teeth, lack teeth in postorbital position and on ventral margin (fig 2 a). Live Cryphiops sbordonii sp. nov. is white, without pigment in the body. Carapace smooth, maximum length 25 mm, with only antennal spine; branchiostegal groove shallow. Abdomen smooth, pleura of first three somites broadly rounded (fig. 2 a & b). Posteroventral margin of fourth and fifth pleura rounded, all pleura bearing setae on ventral border. Sixth somite 1.5 times as long as fifth. Eyes reduced, cornea with a small apical black point, this point bearing facets (fig. 2 c). Antennules (Fig. 3 H) with short stylocerite on the proximal third of first peduncular segment. First antennular segment with acute distolateral spine and concave depression to fit eye. Second antennular segment semi-cylindrical, with sinuous distal margin and lateral row of long setae. Antennae (Fig. 3 F) with basicerite bearing short spine on internal margin. Scaphocerite 2.4 times as long as wide, distolateral spine short, widely separated from distal margin of main blade. Mandibles (Fig. 4 A) with 3 -segmented palp, first and second segments shorter than third segment; incisor process with 6 conical teeth, molar process with 7 wide, rounded teeth on mesial border. Maxillules (Fig. 4 B) with bilobed palp, distal lobe slender, with one setae on tip, proximal lobe blunt with two thick and short setae; anterior lacinia with six long setae on mesial margin, distal margin with a row of fine setae; posterior lacinia joint with anterior lacinia, straight, distal half covered with setae. Maxillae (Fig. 4 C) with scaphognathite bordered with plumose setae, anterior lobe narrower and longer than posterior one; palp without setae, tapering distally, strongly curved inwards; endite bilobed, divided by incision along distal third, both lobes with tuft of setae on the tip. First maxilliped (Fig. 4 D) with bilobed endite, bearing three seate along margin, and tuft of setae on surface of distal lobe. Exopod slender, 4.4 times as long as palp, distal third bearing long setae; palp simple, with two thick setae, shorter than endite; caridean lobe large, fused to base of exopod, bearing long, plumose setae all along margin. Second maxilliped (Fig. 4 E) subpediform, podobranch present, well developed; endopodite 4 -segmented, distal 2 segments oriented mesially, gnathal border with marginal setae and spines and submarginal setae; exopod slender, almost 1.5 time as long as endopod, tip bearing long, plumose setae (fig. 4 E). Third maxilliped (Fig. 4 F) pediform, slender, reaching beyond basal portion of antennal flagellum; arthrobranch present, well developed; coxa with rounded lateral projection. Endopod 3 -segmented, with abundant setae along ventral margin; first segment 1.5 times as long as second segment; second segment as long as third, distal margin ending in nail. Exopod slender, flat, almost the same length as the first segment of endopodite, bearing long setae distally. First pereiopods (Fig. 3 A) slender, smooth, with few tufts of setae on both fingers. Palm surpassing distal margin of scaphocerite; palm slightly compressed, as long as dactylus; carpus 1.75 times palm length, 1.12 times merus length. Second pereiopods (Fig. 3 B) subequal in size, without spines. Palm semi- cylindrical, 3.3 times as long as wide, with dispersed tufts of setae, 0.8 times dactylus length; carpus 1.19 times palm length, 0.8 times as long as merus; ischium 0.9 times merus length. Fingers not gaping, elongate, cutting margins covered with tufts of setae, fixed finger and dactylus without teeth. Propodus and dactylus of third pereiopod (Fig. 3 C) with several short setae. One row of 7 spines on ventral margin. Propodus 3 times length of dactylus, 2.05 times carpus length. Fourth pereiopods (Fig. 3 D), sparsely pilose; propodus 3.4 times dactylus length, 1.87 times as long as carpus; with one row of 9 movable spines on ventral margin of propodus, one pair of setae on propodus– dactylus articulation. Fifth pereiopods (Fig. 3 E) the longest. Propodus and carpus pilose; one longitudinal row of 12 movable spines, distal 4 close together, 1 spine on propodus–dactylus articulation; propodus 4 times dactylus length, 2.1 times carpus length. Appendix masculina (Fig. 3 G) 2 times length of appendix interna, inner margin with 10 pairs of spines. Telson (Fig. 4 G) 1.4 times longer than sixth somite, shorter than uropodal rami; bearing two pairs of dorsal spines, first pair in distal fifth, second pair in middle section with a single spine in the middle on left side; posterior margin broadly triangular bearing two pairs of lateral spines, inner pair 5 times longer than external one, with plumose setae between inner spines, center ending in acute tip. Etymology. This stygobitic shrimp is named in honor of its discoverer, Professor Valerio Sbordoni, who has greatly contributed to the knowledge of the cave fauna of Chiapas. Habitat. This species lives in the Cueva Chamburro, a cave system situated northeast of Las Margaritas, Chiapas, Mexico. The cave was explored and surveyed in March 2001, during one of the several expeditions led by Prof. V. Sbordoni. Description and topography of this cave have been reported by Pedicone – Cioffi (2004). The whole cave system is about 600 m long, and 90 m deep. From the entrance, located in the bottom of a wide doline, a steep descending passage 60 m deep leads to two galleries. The main gallery develops for around 400 m south-eastwards, housing series of rock pools and, in most of its development, a stream ending in a siphon. As reported by Prof. V. Sbordoni, shrimps have been collected along the stream, swimming in rather deep waters.Published as part of Baldari, Fabiola, Mejía-Ortíz, Luis M. & López-Mejía, Marilú, 2010, A new cave species of Cryphiops (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Southern Mexico, pp. 47-54 in Zootaxa 2427 on pages 48-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19463