PERANCANGAN ALAT PRESS UNTUK FIBERBOARD (DITINJAU DARI KERAPATAN DAN KADAR AIR)

Fiberboard is a product made from wood or other lignocellulosic materials that is combined with synthetic adhesive and then processed by pressing. Corn cobs, coconut fiber, sawdust, and coffee bean pulp are lignocellulosic materials that can be used as raw materials for particle board. The manufacture of fiberboard is carried by variation of the raw material composition and variation of the additive which is used to know their effects on particle board quality based on SNI Standard 03-2105-2006. The manufacture of particle board was done with press machine. From the result of the analysis, it was found that variations of raw materials composition can affect the physical properties of the fiberboard. Physical properties parameters such as density and moisture content have fulfilled the standards of SNI 03-2105-2006. The best treatment in the manufacture of fiberboard is found on the composition of 70% corn cobs:30% coco fiber and 70% coffee bean pulp:30% sawdust seen from its high density and low moisture content value of the entire fiberboard produce

UJI KINERJA MEMBRAN MIKROFILTRASI DAN REVERSE OSMOSIS PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR RESERVOIR MENJADI AIR MINUM ISI ULANG

Water in reservoir tank contains contaminant such as E.coli, Coliform and the highest TDS and Turbidity content. There many method that used to reduce contaminant in the water, such as by using microfiltration and reverse osmosis membrane. This research aimed to performace testing of microfiltration and reverse osmosis membrane in processing revervoir water become refilled drinking water by using flowrate as parameters to decrease contaminant in the reservoir water. Variations of flow rate (1.5; 2; 2.5; 3; 3.5 L/min) for microfiltration process and (2.2; 2.8; 3.4; 4.1; 5 L/min) for reverse osmosis process. The biggest flux at flow rate 1.5 L/min is 69,65 L/m2minute on microfiltration process and at 2.2 L/min is 16.6 L/m2minute on reverse osmosis process. The best rejection on microfiltration at flow rate 1.5 L/min, which is able to reduce the TDS parameters up to 77.31% on the 1 micron MF membrane and 66.68% on the 5 micron MF membrane. Turbidity rejection up to 70.62% on the MF 1 micron membrane and 64.97% on the 5 micron MF membrane. E.coli and Coliform rejection up to 63.57%.The effectiveness of RO membrane to reduce TDS is 97.18% and turbidity 85.71% at valve opening 20% with a pressure of 4 bar flow rate of 2.2 L/min where nothing E.coli and Coliform bacteria le

Level Decreasing Kinetics Model of Heavy Metal Contents in the Coal Stockpile Wastewater with Electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation is one of methods used to treat wastewater in the coal stockpile without using coagulants. Characteristics of wastewater observed are heavy metals (Fe and Mn) and pH.  The decrease in the heavy metals content and the increase in the pH of this wastewater treatment process will then be proposed in the adsorption kinetics model. The influence of  variations in currents and processing time were observed. The time variation of the adsorption process were 60 to 120 minutes with current variations from 1.3 to 3.0 Ampere at a fixed 12 voltages. The results obtained that the Fe content could be decreased to 0.03 ppm at 90 minutes while the content of Mn was decreased to 0.01 ppm at the same time. The increase in pH (7.11) was achieved when applying 2.5 A current at 90 minutes process time. The results obtained from the electrocoagulation method was then proposed in the model of the Langmuir isotherm adsorption kinetics and Freundlich isotherm

MODEL KINETIKA REAKSI ADSORBSI PADA PROSES ELEKTROKOAGULASI

Stockpile batubara merupakan tempat penampungan sementara sebelum batubara dikirim ke produsen atau konsumen. Pemanfaatan lahan untuk lokasi stockpile batubara dapat mempengaruhi kualitas lingkungan, baik lingkungan udara, air, dan tanah. Aktivitas di stockpile batubara berdampak terhadap kualitas udara seperti kebisingan yang ditimbulkan dari alat berat dan peningkatan debu akibat bongkar muat batubara. Kualitas air terganggu akibat dari limbah cair yang dihasilkan dari run-off stockpile dan coal wetting, yang mengandung logam, padatan tersuspensi dan sejumlah zat terlarut. Keberadaan limbah cair yang berasal dari perlindian batubara dapat menurunkan derajat keasaman (nilai pH) serta meningkatkan kandungan padatan tersuspensi (TSS), logam besi (Fe) dan mangan (Mn) yang bila tidak diolah akan memberikan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan sekitarnya. Penelitian diarahkan pada pembuatan model kinetika reaksi adsorbs pada proses elektrokoagulasi stockpile batubara. Dengan adanya data-data kinetika maka untuk jangka panjang dampak negatif akibat keberadaan dan aktivitas stockpile batubara dapat dikurangi dan dapat dilakukan tindakan preventif. Penelitian diawali dengan menentukan karakteristik limbah cair stockpile batubara, mengolah limbah cair stockpile batubara dan melihat penurunan konsentrasi polutan akibat proses elektrokoagulsi tersebut. Hasil pengukuran dan analisis di laboratorium digunakan untuk membuat model kinetika baik untuk model Langmuir dan Freundlich. Model persamaan penurunan TSS untuk volume 1000 mL adalah y = 406 e-0,131, dimana nilai k adalah 0,131. Model persamaan penurunan logam Fe untuk volume 1000 mL adalah y = 6,34 e-0,113, dimana nilai k adalah 0,113. Model persamaan penurunan logam Mn untuk volume 1000 mL adalah y = 2,47e-0,058, dimana nilai k adalah 0,058. Untuk adsorpsi secara elektrokoagulasi untuk logam Fe dan Mn, model kinetika yang cocok adalah reaksi orde 1, dan model kinetika adsorpsi Isotherm Langmuir daripada Isotherm Freundlich

PEMANFAATAN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis) DAN SERBUK KAYU JATI (Tectona Grandis) DALAM PEMBUATAN HURUF TIMBUL KOMPOSIT BERUPA PAPAN PARTIKEL

Composite letter sign can be made from particle board. This study aims to produce composite letters sign in the form of particle board with the raw materials of Empty Bunch of Oil Palm, Teak Sawdust and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) recycled plastics using the hot press method. This study used variations in the concentration of NaOH in the alkalization process. The concentration variations used were 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%. The particle board was analyzed based on SNI 03-2105-2006 including moisture content, water absorption, density, thickness expansion, modulus of rapture and modulus of elasticity. The results of the analysis showed that in the test of water absorption, density and thickness expansion did not significantly influence the variation in NaOH concentration. However, in the test of water content, modulus of rapture and modulus of elasticity have an effect, this is indicated by the increasing concentration of NaOH, the more the quality of the particle board increases. The particle board used NaOH 5% concentration variations became the most optimum with water content data of 2.85%, modulus of rapture of 194.65 kgf/cm2 and modulus of elasticity of 7007.90 kgf/cm

Karakteristik Briket Biocoal dengan Penambahan Sekam Padi dan Wax

Biocoal made by mixing Sub-Bituminous Tanjung Enim coal with rice skin biomass to make biocoal briquette that will have calorific value suitable for domestic consumption and also have a quicker initial burning time that has been a problem in applying briquette. The rice skin biomass was mixed in 10 gram – 50 gram compositions with 1 gram – 5 gram variations of wax to a fixed weight of 100 gram coal. The size of coal was also studied, which was 50 mesh, 70 mesh, 140 mesh and 220 mesh. The result shown that all briquettes had calorific values (5014 – 5891 cal/gram) that are in range of biocoal standard (5500 – 6000cal/gram)with a quicker initial burning time (2:35 – 16:58 minutes). The sulphur content was reduced because of biomass added (0,21% – 0,31%; standard 60 kgF/cm2). The inherent moisture (%IM) was in range 3,69% – 7,46% (standar

EFFECT OF CRYSTALIZATION TEMPERATURE AND COOLING TIME IN SEPARATION PROCESS OF STEARIN FROM CASTOR OIL USING DRY FRACTINATION METHODE

Stearin is a fat which is solid in room temperature and commonly used  in making candles and soap.  Stearin is usually separated using one of these three methodes ; wet method (lipofractination), dry method and fractionating with solvent.  Among these methods, the dry method is commonly used to separate stearin from crude palm oil, because this process is simple and no chemical is used and produced.  The dry fractionation method was been applied to castor oil, to separate the stearin from its olein. First,  the oil was heated at 700C and then cooled down to 450C in stirring, the cooling process hence separated stearin from the oil.  After that, The crystallization was carried in temperature that was varied from 100C to 200C in range 50C. The processes were varied from 2 hours, 5 hours and 8 hours. The best result obtained at temperature 100C for 8 hours which yielded 34.8% rendemen with 0.255 % water content, having density of 0.8925g/ml and free fatty acid content of 11.177 %.  The Iodine value was 55.518.  These data were closed to the stearin data of stearin from crude palm oil

Rancang Bangun Alat Screw Extruder Pembuatan Medium Density Fiberboard Berbasis Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Perekat High Density Polyethylene (Hdpe) (Uji Kinerja Alat Ditinjau dari Efisiensi Screw Extruder)

Penelitian rancang bangun prototipe alat Single Screw Extruder bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produk Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) atau papan kayu berkerapatan sedang dengan bahan baku serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) dan perekat dari limbah plastik High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) yang sesuai dengan SNI 01-4449-2006. Pembuatan MDF dari bahan baku limbah TKKS dan HDPE ini diharapkan dapat menangani permasalahan limbah belum termanfaatkan dengan baik sekaligus mengolahnya menjadi produk bernilai jual demi mengatasi urgensi kebutuhan manusia akan papan kayu. Rancang bangun alat Single Screw Extruder ini dilakukan dengan memodifikasi insulasi pada barrel dan penggunaan inverter atau Speed Drive (VSD) pada motor penggerak. Penelitian ini memvariasikan temperatur pemanasan sebesar 210°C, 230°C, dan 250°C; serta putaran screw sebesar 20 rpm, 40 rpm, dan 60 rpm. Dilakukan pengujian terhadap produk papan serat yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan SNI 01-4449-2006 dan didapat nilai kerapatan tertinggi sebesar 0,9843 g/cm3; nilai daya serap terhadap air terendah sebesar 9,39%; nilai kadar air terendah sebesar 1,57%; dan nilai pengembangan tebal terendah sebesar 3,41%.Penelitian rancang bangun prototipe alat Single Screw Extruder bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produk Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) atau papan kayu berkerapatan sedang dengan bahan baku serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) dan perekat dari limbah plastik High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) yang sesuai dengan SNI 01-4449-2006. Pembuatan MDF dari bahan baku limbah TKKS dan HDPE ini diharapkan dapat menangani permasalahan limbah belum termanfaatkan dengan baik sekaligus mengolahnya menjadi produk bernilai jual demi mengatasi urgensi kebutuhan manusia akan papan kayu. Rancang bangun alat Single Screw Extruder ini dilakukan dengan memodifikasi insulasi pada barrel dan penggunaan inverter atau Speed Drive (VSD) pada motor penggerak. Penggunaan VSD pada motor listrik dapat menyesuaikan kecepatan screw sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan dalam proses ekstrusi sehingga mencegah terjadinya penggunaan energi yang sia-sia dan mampu mengurangi biaya listrik. Penelitian ini memvariasikan temperatur pemanasan sebesar 210°C, 230°C, dan 250°C; serta putaran screw sebesar 20 rpm, 40 rpm, dan 60 rpm. Dilakukan pengujian terhadap produk papan serat yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan SNI 01-4449-2006 dan didapat nilai kerapatan tertinggi sebesar 0,9843 g/cm3; nilai daya serap terhadap air terendah sebesar 9,39%; nilai kadar air terendah sebesar 1,57%; dan nilai pengembangan tebal terendah sebesar 3,41%

Perancangan Sistem Pengendalian Temperatur Pada Digester Pembuatan Pulp Tipe Batch

Peningkatan produksi pulp dengan kebutuhan bahan baku tidak seimbang, dimana proses pembentukan kayu membutuhkan waktu yang lama, namun produksi pulp terus meningkat. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan bahan baku alternatif selain kayu yaitu Tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan pelepah pisang. Proses pemasakan pulp sangat menentukan berjalannya proses dan juga berpengaruh terhadap penentuan kualitas pulp yang dihasilkan, sehingga dilakukan perancangan sistem pengendalian temperatur on/off otomatis sebagai pelengkap pada alat digester pembuatan pulp tipe batch yang mudah dioperasikan, efektif dan aman. Metode penelitian diawali dengan dengan merancang sistem pengendalian temperatur yang meliputi kontroler, transduser, termokopel, dan heater. Kemudian diuji kinerja pengendalian tersebut dengan pembuatan pulp. Parameter penelitian ini ialah variasi suhu dan temperatur di dalam digester dengan waktu pengamatan setiap 30 detik pada kondisi temperatur set point 100oC, 105oC, 110oC, 115oC dan 120oC. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan mode pengendali on/off otomatis memiliki error pengukuran 0,875oC, histerisis control lag rata-rata 96 detik dan periode osilasi rata-rata 9,7 menit. Selain itu, penerapan sistem pengendali temperatur melalui pembuatan pulp menghasilkan rendeman pulp sebesar 52,56% dan kadar selulosa 55,74%