12 research outputs found
The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
INTRODUCTION
Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic.
RATIONALE
We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs).
RESULTS
Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants.
CONCLUSION
Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century
Are healthy Veterans more health literate: Implementing a novel After Hospital Care Plan to Improve Patient Understanding and Facilitate Efficient Follow- Up Care at the Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center
All too often, patients are discharged without a complete understanding of their medical plan. Patients also feel burdened with coordinating their own care which may contribute to dissatisfaction with their medical care. A new, comprehensive discharge booklet, hereby referred to as the After Hospital Care Plan (AHCP), was piloted at several Veterans Affairs medical facilities nationwide. Prior studies have shown the AHCP improves patient understanding of their medications, medical conditions, and importance of follow-up visits. The object of this study is to address barriers to implementation of the AHCP for medical floor patients at the Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center (DC VAMC).
Aim
Implement AHCP on discharge for 25% of all patients cared for by medical teams by June 2017, while maintaining or improving patient satisfaction through progressive quality improvement cycles.
Methods
The software for the AHCP was tested multiple times on individually discharged patients to evaluate for technical barriers and to ensure that the AHCP would be accessible to all medical teams. The text and format of the AHCP booklet itself was also updated to ensure compliance with smoking/addiction counseling requirements. After technical success of the booklet was achieved, we developed educational materials for involved healthcare providers on how to use the new booklet. For monitoring of results, we selected several relevant inpatient satisfaction scores to assess improvements in patient understanding of their medical plan upon discharge
Discussion
We postulated that improving the vehicle of delivering health information to patients (the discharge booklet) would improve both patient comprehension and health outcomes.
While many of our initial barriers were technical, many of the subsequent obstacles were related to redefining provider roles. Emerging technologies will continue to strive to make changes to established hospital processes and culture change is crucial to making way for newer and more efficient tools. The support of departmental leadership has been invaluable in garnering support from other departmental staff. Our next steps will be continuing to work with nursing and pharmacy staff to incorporate standardized training of the AHCP to be used for all patients being discharged from the medical floors.
This project demonstrated the ease of implementing a new component of the discharge process among a small group of trainees within only a few months. We aspire to broaden education for all resident physicians to use the AHCP by the end of the academic year
Association of occupational stress factors on nicotine dependence among patients visiting dental care unit of Indo-Tibetian border police force station in India
Background. Tobacco use is the foremost preventable cause of death and disease in the world today and work strain might
be related with nicotine dependence by its provoking effect.
Objective. To assess the association between occupational stress and nicotine dependence.
Material and methods. A cross sectional survey was conducted among 200 subjects visiting a satellite dental clinic of
Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Barwala, Panchkula, India. Nicotine dependence was measured using the
Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The extent of the stress factors experienced at work was assessed using
the Effort-Reward Imbalance scale (ERI). Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were employed for
statistical analysis. Confidence level and level of significance were set at 95% and 5% respectively.
Results. The results of bivariate analysis revealed association of occupational stress with age, marital status, educational
status, level of nicotine dependence, frequency of cigarette smoking and religious attendance. However, multivariate
analysis elicited the significant association of occupational stress with only two variables, level of nicotine dependence and
frequency of smoking.
Conclusion. Occupational stress was found to be associated with nicotine dependence in the present study implying a need
of other tranquil measures to be incorporated for the relief of work related stress
Aloe Vera Leaf Exudate Induces a Caspaseindependent Cell Death in Leishmania donovani Promastigotes
Leishmaniasis constitutes a complex of diseases with clinical and epidemiological diversity and
includes visceral leishmaniasis, a disease that is fatal when left untreated. In earlier studies, the
authors reported that Aloe vera leaf exudate (AVL) is a potent antileishmanial agent effective in
promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania
major and Leishmania infantum and also in axenic amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. In the
present study, it has been demonstrated that, in promastigotes of L. donovani (IC505110 mg
mlâ1), AVL mediates this leishmanicidal effect by triggering a programmed cell death. Incubation
of promastigotes with AVL caused translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the
plasma membrane as measured by annexin V binding, which was accompanied by loss of
mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and concomitant
nuclear alterations that included chromatin condensation, deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated
dUTP end labelling and DNA laddering. As this AVL-induced leishmanicidal effect could not be
inhibited by protease inhibitors including Z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp (methoxy)-fluoromethylketone, a
broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, non-involvement of caspases and major proteases was
suggested. Additionally, AVL treatment caused no increase in cytosolic Ca2+ or generation of
reactive oxygen species, indicating that although promastigote death was induced by an
apoptotic-like mechanism similar to metazoan apoptosis, the pathways of induction and/or
execution differed at the molecular level
Proceedings of International Conference on Women Researchers in Electronics and Computing
This proceeding contains articles on the various research ideas of the academic community and practitioners presented at the international conference, âWomen Researchers in Electronics and Computingâ (WRECâ2021). WREC'21 was organized in online mode by Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar (Punjab), INDIA during 22 â 24 April 2021. This conference was conceptualized with an objective to encourage and motivate women engineers and scientists to excel in science and technology and to be the role models for young girls to follow in their footsteps. With a view to inspire women engineers, pioneer and successful women achievers in the domains of VLSI design, wireless sensor networks, communication, image/ signal processing, machine learning, and emerging technologies were identified from across the globe and invited to present their work and address the participants in this women oriented conference.
Conference Title: International Conference on Women Researchers in Electronics and ComputingConference Acronym: WREC'21Conference Date: 22â24 April 2021Conference Location:Â Online (Virtual Mode)Conference Organizers: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, INDI