Selbstorganisationen von Migrantinnen: Brücke zur Partizipation

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit befasst sich mit Selbstorganisationen von Migrantinnen. Dazu gehören auch Vereine von und für Migrantinnen. Konkret wird der Frage nachgegan-gen, ob und wie diese Selbstorganisationen zur Partizipationsmobilisierung der Migrantin-nen beitragen. Um die Studie einzugrenzen, wurde der Fokus auf die Region Winterthur gelegt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden Selbstorganisationen von Migrantinnen im Allgemeinen unter den Gesichtspunkten Gender und Migration näher betrachtet. Dabei wird auch dar-gestellt, wie der regionale, nationale bzw. internationale Kontext, gesetzliche Rahmenbe-dingungen sowie die Integrationspolitik die Entwicklung der Selbstorganisation sowie die Migrantinnen beeinflussen. Ausserdem werden die Begrifflichkeiten Partizipation, Em-powerment und Sozialraum erläutert, welche im Weiteren mit der Thematik der Migrantin-nenvereine verknüpft werden. Speziell wird dabei das Engagement der Migrantinnen und die Prozesse, welche Teilhabe und Teilnahme fördern und letztlich den individuellen Sozi-alraum erweitern, fokussiert. Für den empirischen Teil wurden vier Vereinsleiterinnen in Winterthur interviewt. Dabei wurde untersucht, was und wie diese zur Teilhabe und Teilnahme der Migrantinnen beitra-gen und inwiefern mit anderen Institutionen kooperiert wird. Die zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen spielen dafür eine wichtige Rolle. Darüber hinaus wurden Bedürfnisse in Bezug auf nötige Unterstützung durch Institutionen der Mehrheitsgesellschaft, insbesondere der Sozialen Arbeit, abgeklärt. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass die Mitglieder der Vereine grundsätzlich auf verschiedenen Ebenen von den Angeboten und Aktivitäten profitieren. Trotz unterschiedlicher Ressourcen, schaffen die Vereine Zugänge zu Bildungs- und Gesundheitsthemen und Beratungsange-boten. Die Frauen eignen sich Kompetenzen sowie Fachwissen an und können sich in ei-nem geschützten Raum unter Frauen frei austauschen. Ausserdem werden ihr Selbstbe-wusstsein und ihre Selbstsicherheit gestärkt und Vorurteile abgebaut. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Vereine dazu beitragen, dass viele Mitglieder in ihrem Sozialraum vermehrt parti-zipieren, indem sie neue Aktionsräume gestalten

Precipitation Climatology over Mediterranean Basin from Ten Years of TRMM Measurements

Climatological features of mesoscale rain activities over the Mediterranean region between 5 W-40 E and 28 N-48 N are examined using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 and 2A25 rain products. The 3B42 rainrates at 3-hourly, 0.25 deg x 0.25 deg spatial resolution for the last 10 years (January 1998 to July 2007) are used to form and analyze the 5-day mean and monthly mean climatology of rainfall. Results show considerable regional and seasonal differences of rainfall over the Mediterranean Region. The maximum rainfall (3-5 mm/day) occurs over the mountain regions of Europe, while the minimum rainfall is observed over North Africa (approximately 0.5 mm/day). The main rainy season over the Mediterranean Sea extends from October to March, with maximum rainfall occurring during November-December. Over the Mediterranean Sea, an average rainrate of approximately 1-2 mm/day is observed, but during the rainy season there is 20% larger rainfall over the western Mediterranean Sea than that over the eastern Mediterranean Sea. During the rainy season, mesoscale rain systems generally propagate from west to east and from north to south over the Mediterranean region, likely to be associated with Mediterranean cyclonic disturbances resulting from interactions among large-scale circulation, orography, and land-sea temperature contrast

How Does Mediterranean Basin's Atmosphere Become Weak Moisture Source During Negative Phase of NAO: Use of AIRS, AMSR, TOVS, & TRMM Satellite Datasets Over Last Two NAO Cycles to Examine Governing Controls on E-P

The Mediterranean Sea is a noted 'concentration" basin in that it almost continuously exhibits positive evaporation minus precipitation (E - P ) properties -- throughout the four seasons and from one year to the next. Nonetheless, according to the ECMWF Era-40 48-year (1958-2005) climate reanalysis dataset, for various phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) when the pressure gradient between Portugal and Iceland becomes either very relaxed (large negative NAO-Index) or in transition (small positive or negative NAO-Index), the atmospheric moisture source properties of the basin become weak, at times even reversed for several months (i.e., negative E - P). This behavior poses numerous questions concerning how and why these events occur. Moreover, it begs the question of what it would take for the basin to reach its tipping point in which P would exceed E throughout the rainy season (some six months) on an annually persistent basis -- and the sea would possibly transform to a recurring "dilution" basin. This talk investigates these questions by: (1) establishing over a period from 1979 to present, based on detailed analyses of satellite retrieval products from a combination of NASA-AQUA, NOAA-LEO, NASA/JAXA Scatterometer, and NASA-TRMM platforms, plus additional specialized satellite data products and ancillary meteorological datasets, the actual observation-based behavior of E - P, (2) diagnosing the salient physical and meteorological mechanisms that lead to the weaker E - P events during the analysis period, partly based on analyzing surface and upper air data at discrete stations in the western and eastern Mediterranean -- while at the same time evaluating the quality of the ERA-40 data over this same time period, (3) conducting GCM and high-resolution regional modeling experiments to determine if perturbed but realistic meteorological background conditions could maintain Mediterranean as a "dilution" basin through the October to March rainy season on annually recurring basis, and (4) investigating how such conditions might modify important internal and external climatic processes known to be closely related to the dynamical, thermal, and hydrological properties of the basin (e.g., drought frequency over Iberian peninsula, rainfall accumulation within Sahel, alteration of Levantine branch of east-west aligned open thermohaline cell, and modification of warm-salty intermediate flow through Gibraltar straight into North Atlantic)

Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Testing of the Hindi Version of the Patient-rated Wrist Evaluation

The purpose of this study was to perform cross-cultural adaptation and Hindi translation of the patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) and assess psychometric properties of the PRWE-Hindi. Cross-cultural adaptation and Hindi translation of the PRWE was performed using standardized guidelines. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for assessing test–retest reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha (CA) was used for assessing the internal consistency of the PRWE-Hindi. Construct validity was assessed by examining the correlations between the PRWE-Hindi and grip strength, wrist range of movements, and self-reported pain and disability. A total of 50 patients with distal radius fracture were recruited and assessed three times (baseline, two to three days later, and four to five weeks later). PRWE-Hindi demonstrated excellent test–rest reliability (ICC=0.81) and internal consistency (CA=0.89). Moderate to low correlations (r\u3c0.7) were observed between the PRWE-Hindi and other measures of pain and disability. Our results indicated that PRWE-Hindi is a reliable and valid tool and can be used in patients with wrist/hand injuries whose primary language is Hindi

Incentive spirometry versus active cycle of breathing technique: effect on chest expansion and flow rates in post abdominal surgery patients

Background: The patients undergoing abdominal surgery has characteristic post-operative mechanical abnormality in respiration like restrictive pattern of ventilation. Spontaneous deep breaths to restore functional residual capacity are abolished by pain. Incentive spirometry (IS) promotes frequent maximum inspiratory effort and is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory complications in post-surgery wards. Aim of the study was to compare the effect of incentive spirometry (IS) versus active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT) on flow rates and chest expansion in patients following abdominal surgery.Methods: It was prospective comparative interventional study. 90 patients posted for abdominal surgery and satisfying the inclusion criteria were included in the study. They were randomly divided through simple random sampling into two groups. Group A-IS group and Group B-ACBT group. Outcome measures were recorded as Peak inspiratory flow rate [PIFR], Peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR], Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV1] and chest expansion on pre and post-operative day five. Comparison of pre and post-operative day 1 and pre and post-operative day 5 was done using Wilcoxon signed Ranks Test for both group A and group B, further post hoc analysis was done by Tukey’s test at significance level of p<0.05. Inter as well as Intra group comparison was done. The comparison between group A and B for all the parameters was done by Mann- Whitney U test. At Statistical level of significance for Mann- Whitney U p<0.001.Results: Both IS and ACBT improve the peak flow rates and chest expansion in post abdominal surgery patients. Active cycle of breathing techniques is better technique compared to incentive spirometry in post abdominal surgery patients.Conclusions: ACBT (active cycle of breathing technique) has better results than incentive spirometry in post abdominal surgery cases

Stochastic Precipitation Generation for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed using Hidden Markov Models with Variational Bayes Parameter Estimation

Stochastic precipitation generators (SPGs) are a class of statistical models which generate synthetic data that can simulate dry and wet rainfall stretches for long durations. Generated precipitation time series data are used in climate projections, impact assessment of extreme weather events, and water resource and agricultural management. We construct an SPG for daily precipitation data that is specified as a semi-continuous distribution at every location, with a point mass at zero for no precipitation and a mixture of two exponential distributions for positive precipitation. Our generators are obtained as hidden Markov models (HMMs) where the underlying climate conditions form the states. We fit a 3-state HMM to daily precipitation data for the Chesapeake Bay watershed in the Eastern coast of the USA for the wet season months of July to September from 2000--2019. Data is obtained from the GPM-IMERG remote sensing dataset, and existing work on variational HMMs is extended to incorporate semi-continuous emission distributions. In light of the high spatial dimension of the data, a stochastic optimization implementation allows for computational speedup. The most likely sequence of underlying states is estimated using the Viterbi algorithm, and we are able to identify differences in the weather regimes associated with the states of the proposed model. Synthetic data generated from the HMM can reproduce monthly precipitation statistics as well as spatial dependency present in the historical GPM-IMERG data

Medical research council dyspnoea score and forced expiratory volume in one second as the predictors of vertical climbing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. MRC and FEV1 are related with 6MWD in COPD. But stair climbing is mechanically and physiologically different from walking. Dyspnoea is most often the limiting factor to staircase climbing. Hence the study is designed to correlate MRC dyspnoea score and FEV1 with vertical height climbed in COPD patients and to find out whether they are the predictors of vertical climbing in COPD patients.Methods: It was Prospective Cross sectional study. 50 COPD patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were underwent a stair climb test after recording their MRC dyspnoea score and FEV1. FEV1 was measured with mini Wright peak flow meter in sitting position. Vertical height of floor climbed, time taken to climb and recovery time was recorded.Results: A significant negative correlation and positive correlation was observed between vertical height climbed and MRC dyspnoea score (r= -0.76, p=0.001) and between vertical height climbed and FEV1 (r=0.59, p<0.001) respectively. On Multiple linear regression analysis, both are found to be the independent predictors of vertical height climbed by COPD.Conclusions: MRC and FEV1 correlated with vertical height climbed and found to be the independent predictors of vertical climbing in COPD patients. Vertical height climb (m) can be predicted with equation 12.94+5.58(FEV1) – 3.35(MRC)

Assessment of Knee Joint Proprioception in Weight Bearing and in Non-Weight Bearing Positions in Normal Subjects

Background: Assessment of proprioception isvaluable for identifying proprioceptive deficits.There are several methods to assess the prop-rioception. Joint position sense can be assessedin weight bearing (WB) and non weight bearing(NWB) position of the limb whose joint is tobe tested. Aim and Objectives: To find out thedifference in joint position sense in NWB andin WB positions in normal subjects. Materialand Methods: 40 normal healthy subjects be-tween the age group of 20 to 25 years were se-lected. Subjects with recent lower limb trauma,pain and musculoskeletal deformity involvingknee and ankle were excluded. Right knee jointproprioception at 300 knee flexion was mea-sured using non weight bearing and weight bear-ing methods by active test with epsilateral ac-tive limb matching response. The knee joint po-sition sense was measured by universal Goni-ometer. Average of 3 response angle was takenas the final reading. Two assessment procedureswere compared with Mann-Whitney Test. Po-sition sense accuracy was measured as a rela-tive error. The relative error was calculated asan arithmetic difference between test and re-sponse positions. A measure of variability ofindividual observation was calculated by SD andcoefficient of variation Results: Present studyshows that there is a significant difference intwo assessment procedures while testing jointproprioception (P <0.005). The mean of WBmethod [31.970] is relatively higher when com-pared with NWB procedure [30.420] but lessinter-observation variability in terms of coef-ficient of variation is seen in WB position. Inthe present study relative error in WB position(-1.8650) is more as compared to NWB posi-tion (-0.2630), and the difference is statisticallysignificant (p<0.005). Conclusion: There isstatistically significant difference between thetwo assessment procedures. Average relativeerror of WB position is more as compared toNWB position. WB procedure produced morenegative relative error i.e. Response was under-estimated during WB testing of proprioception

High risk for occupational exposure to HIV and utilization of post-exposure prophylaxis in a teaching hospital in Pune, India

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The risk for occupational exposure to HIV has been well characterized in the developed world, but limited information is available about this transmission risk in resource-constrained settings facing the largest burden of HIV infection. In addition, the feasibility and utilization of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) programs in these settings are unclear. Therefore, we examined the rate and characteristics of occupational exposure to HIV and the utilization of PEP among health care workers (HCW) in a large, urban government teaching hospital in Pune, India.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Demographic and clinical data on occupational exposures and their management were prospectively collected from January 2003–December 2005. US Centers for Diseases Control guidelines were utilized to define risk exposures, for which PEP was recommended. Incidence rates of reported exposures and trends in PEP utilization were examined using logistic regression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of 1955 HCW, 557 exposures were reported by 484 HCW with an incidence of 9.5 exposures per 100 person-years (PY). Housestaff, particularly interns, reported the greatest number of exposures with an annual incidence of 47.0 per 100 PY. Personal protective equipment (PPE) was used in only 55.1% of these exposures. The incidence of high-risk exposures was 6.8/100 PY (n = 339); 49.1% occurred during a procedure or disposing of equipment and 265 (80.0%) received a stat dose of PEP. After excluding cases in which the source tested HIV negative, 48.4% of high-risk cases began an extended PEP regimen, of whom only 49.5% completed it. There were no HIV or Hepatitis B seroconversions identified. Extended PEP was continued unnecessarily in 7 (35%) of 20 cases who were confirmed to be HIV-negative. Over time, there was a significant reduction in proportion of percutaneous exposures and high-risk exposures (p < 0.01) and an increase in PEP utilization for high risk exposures (44% in 2003 to 100% in 2005, p = 0.002).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Housestaff are a vulnerable population at high risk for bloodborne exposures in teaching hospital settings in India. With implementation of a hospital-wide PEP program, there was an encouraging decrease of high-risk exposures over time and appropriate use of PEP. However, overall use of PPE was low, suggesting further measures are needed to prevent occupational exposures in India.</p