Crocin loaded nano-emulsions: Factors affecting emulsion properties in spontaneous emulsification

Spontaneous emulsification may be used for encapsulating bioactive compounds in food and pharmaceutical industry. It has several advantages over high energy and other low energy methods including, protecting sensitive compounds against severe conditions of high energy method and its ability to minimize surfactant, removal of cosurfactant and thermal stability compared with other low energy methods. In this study, we examined possibility of encapsulating highly soluble crocin in W/O micro-emulsions using spontaneous method which further could be used for making double emulsions. Nonionic surfactants of Span 80 and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) were used for making micro-emulsions that showed the high potential of PGPR for spontaneous method. Surfactant to water ratio (SWR) was evaluated to find the highest amount of aqueous phase which can be dispersed in organic phase. Droplet size decreased by increasing SWR toward the SWR = 100 which had the smallest droplet size and then increased at higher levels of surfactant. By increasing SWR, shear viscosity increased which showed the high effect of PGPR on rheological properties. This study shows in addition to W/O micro-emulsions, spontaneous method could be used for preparing stable O/W micro-emulsions. © 2015 Elsevier B.V

Review of Geochimical, Isotopic and Fluid Inclusions Studies in Ramand Region (Qazvin Province)

Ramand copper deposit is an example of vein-bearing deposits with volcanic host located in the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone. The deposit host is an Eocene volcanic sequence and the main host’s rock is the rhyolite mineral. The main minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, covellite and natural gold; and the tailings minerals include quartz, calcite and sericite. The average grade of gold in silica veins is 133.5 ppb, the average grade of copper is about 3.5% and the average grade of molybdenum is 135 ppm. Quartz-sulfide hydrothermal veins contain biphasic fluid-rich fluid inclusions and monophasic fluid-rich fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperature ranged from 73 to 307 ° C with an average of 141 ° C and in all samples, homogenization was carried out through the liquid phase and salinity variations ranged from 1.75 to 4.74 with an average of 3.65 wt% NaCl equivalent. Quartz and calcite oxygen isotope values range between 4.4 to 9.4 per thousand. Isotopic data indicate that the ore-generating fluids in the Ramand ore deposit have relatively low salinity and atmospheric-magmatic origin. According to this study, Ramand’s mineralization range is the result of hydrothermal activity in the area where mineralization with simple mineralogical characteristics has occurred in siliceous veins and sub-veinsO depósito de cobre de Ramand é um exemplo de depósitos contendo veias de origem vulcânica localizado na zona de Urumieh-Dokhtar. O depósito é uma sequência de origem vulcânica do Eoceno e a rocha principal encontrada na área é o riolito. Os principais minerais são calcopirita, pirita, covellite e ouro natural; e os minerais de rejeitos incluem quartzo, calcita e sericita. O teor médio de ouro nas veias de sílica é de 133,5 ppb, o teor médio de cobre é de cerca de 3,5% e o teor médio de molibdênio é de 135 ppm. As veias hidrotermais de sulfeto de quartzo contêm inclusões fluidas ricas em líquidos bifásicos e inclusões fluidas ricas em líquidos monofásicos. A temperatura de homogeneização variou de 73 a 307°C com uma média de 141°C e em todas as amostras, a homogeneização foi realizada na fase líquida e as variações de salinidade variaram de 1,75 a 4,74 com uma média de 3,65% em peso de NaCl equivalent

Performance of An Airlift Membrane Bioreactor Under Different Aeration Rates

The treatment of a synthetic oily wastewater in an airlift submerged membrane bioreactor (AMBR) has been studied. A flat sheet Kubota membrane has been used for this purpose in the reactor with a working volume of 19 L. The volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, oxygen uptake rate, treatment efficiency and fouling intensity were investigated for various aeration rates (0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 m3/h). Based on the results, a COD removal efficiency of more than 93% - even for the lowest aeration rate – is reported. However, increasing the aeration rate resulted in higher kLa and higher microbial activity. The high aeration intensity resulted in breakage of activated sludge flocs and hence reduction in mean flocs size and release of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). At an aeration intensity as high as 1m3/h, the maximum irreversible fouling was observed which is due to higher concentration of EPS and colloids that are the major foulants. Although the aeration may scour the membrane surface and avoid the formation of cake layer, it could induce more pore blocking fouling. In the studied range, the 0.7 m3/h is found to be the optimum aeration rate and the alteration of the aeration rate deteriorated the AMBR’s performance

Estudios petrográficos e esotópicos en el área de Kamoo, Noreste de Isfahan, Irán

The study area is located 5.5 km north-east of Kamo County and 30 km north-east of Meymeh, Isfahan. Kamo Index comprises an anticline with a northwest-southeast trend, the outcrop of which consists of siltstone-sandstone and Jurassic shale rocks that lie along a cretaceous unit. Based on field studies as well as petrographic and geochemical investigations, mineral assemblages and minerals in the area include chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, and magnetite as primary ores and malachite, bornite, covellite, chalcocite, hematite, goethite, and hydrous iron oxides as secondary ores. The secondary ores have been formed by oxidation and biogenic processes. The primary textures are granular, disseminated, vein-shaped, and layered and the secondary textures are boxed and martitized, shear zones, replacements, and veins. Tectonic, metamorphic, and oxidation factors are involved in the formation of these textures. Due to tectonic activity in this area and the presence of faults, replacement, vein, and shear textures, which have developed after mineralization, are observed. Among alterations, hematite, propylitic, sericitic, limonitic, and kaolinitic are highly prevalent and they are important in the formation of iron deposits. The sub-alkaline granitoids of the region are related to the continental subduction-zone orogenic series. Studies on the decomposed iron samples from Kamo show that most of the samples are in the sub-alkaline series and the chemical and mineralogical composition of the magma derived from this series is calc-alkaline with a large amount of iron. According to mineralogical, lithological, and geochemical evidence and based on isotopic results, Kamo deposit is a skarn-type deposit.El área de estudio está ubicada a 5.5 km al noreste del condado de Kamo y a 30 km al noreste de Meymeh, Isfahan. El índice de Kamo comprende un anticlinal con una tendencia noroeste-sureste, cuyo afloramiento consiste en arenisca-arenisca y rocas de esquisto jurásico que se encuentran a lo largo de una unidad cretácea. Con base en estudios de campo, así como en investigaciones petrográficas y geoquímicas, los ensambles minerales y minerales en el área incluyen calcopirita, pirita, marcasita y magnetita como minerales primarios y malaquita, bornita, covenita, calcocita, hematita, goetita y óxidos de hierro hidratados como secundarios. Minerales Los minerales secundarios se han formado por oxidación y procesos biogénicos. Las texturas primarias son granulares, diseminadas, en forma de vena y en capas, y las texturas secundarias son en caja y martitizadas, zonas de cizallamiento, reemplazos y vetas. Los factores tectónicos, metamórficos y de oxidación están involucrados en la formación de estas texturas. Debido a la actividad tectónica en esta área y la presencia de fallas, se observan texturas de reemplazo, vetas y corte, que se han desarrollado después de la mineralización. Entre las alteraciones, hematita, propilítico, sericítico, limonítico y caolinítico son altamente prevalentes y son importantes en la formación de depósitos de hierro. Los granitoides subalcalinos de la región están relacionados con la serie orogénica continental de la zona de subducción. Los estudios sobre las muestras de hierro descompuesto de Kamo muestran que la mayoría de las muestras se encuentran en la serie subalcalina y la composición química y mineralógica del magma derivada de esta serie es alcalina con una gran cantidad de hierro. De acuerdo con la evidencia mineralógica, litológica y geoquímica y con base en los resultados isotópicos, el depósito de Kamo es un depósito tipo skarn