747 research outputs found
Techno-economic assessment of biogas-fed CHP hybrid systems in a real wastewater treatment plant
The integration of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems and micro gas turbines in a reference wastewater
treatment plant is proposed. The main scope is to utilize the available biogas in a real wastewater treat-
ment plant (WWTP) to feed both the SOFCs and micro gas turbines (MGTs) to produce electrical power
while covering the digester thermal demand of the plant. To do so, two cases namely SOFC-WWTP (in
which the SOFC system is the only CHP unit), and SOFC-MGT-WWTP (integration of both SOFCs and
microturbine systems) are proposed. Results show that use of microturbines along with the SOFC systems
can increase the share of electricity covered by self-generation within the WWTP by up to 15% while
keeping stable the coverage of the thermal load. Also, the energy efficiency of the novel system (SOFC-
MGT-WWTP) is calculated to be 7% more than that of the SOFC-WWTP. Economic analysis results reveal
that using microturbines, the payback time for whole the system could be reduced about 4 years. Also, for
the short term scenario, the levelized cost of electricity for the SOFC-MGT-WWTP system is found to be
0.118 $/kWh which is about 12% less than that for the SOFC-WWTP system. However, for the long term
scenario, the difference becomes remarkably les
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Two Randomized Trials Provide No Consistent Evidence for Nonmusical Cognitive Benefits of Brief Preschool Music Enrichment
Young children regularly engage in musical activities, but the effects of early music education on children’s cognitive development are unknown. While some studies have found associations between musical training in childhood and later nonmusical cognitive outcomes, few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been employed to assess causal effects of music lessons on child cognition and no clear pattern of results has emerged. We conducted two RCTs  with preschool children investigating the cognitive effects of a brief series of music classes, as  compared to a similar but non-musical form of arts instruction (visual arts classes, Experiment 1) or to a no-treatment control (Experiment 2). Consistent with typical preschool arts enrichment programs, parents attended classes with their children, participating in a variety of developmentally appropriate arts activities. After six weeks of class, we assessed children’s skills  in four distinct cognitive areas in which older arts-trained students have been reported to excel: spatial-navigational reasoning, visual form analysis, numerical discrimination, and receptive vocabulary. We initially found that children from the music class showed greater spatial-navigational ability than did children from the visual arts class, while children from the visual arts class showed greater visual form analysis ability than children from the music class (Experiment 1). However, a partial replication attempt comparing music training to a no-treatment control failed to confirm these findings (Experiment 2), and the combined results of  the two experiments were negative: overall, children provided with music classes performed no better than those with visual arts or no classes on any assessment. Our findings underscore the need for replication in RCTs, and suggest caution in interpreting the positive findings from past studies of cognitive effects of music instruction.Psycholog
Effect of syngas composition on the combustion and emissions characteristics of a syngas/diesel RCCI engine
Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) strategy uses two different fuels with different reactivities which provides more control over the combustion process and has the potential to dramatically lower combustion temperature and NOX and PM emissions. The objective of the present study is to numerically investigate the impact of syngas composition on the combustion and emissions characteristics of an RCCI engine operating with syngas/diesel at constant energy per cycle. For this purpose, different syngas compositions produced through gasification process have been chosen for comparison with the simulated syngas (mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide). The results obtained indicate that using syngas results in more soot, CO and UHC emissions compared with simulated syngas. Even though more NOX reduction can be achieved while operating with syngas, the engine could suffer from poor combustion and misfire at low loads due to the presence of nitrogen in the mixture. In terms of exergy, both syngas mixtures lead to more exergy destruction by the increase of syngas substitution. Nevertheless, the magnitude of exergy destruction for simulated syngas is less than the normal syngas
Marine environmental parameters influencing the distribution of Avicenna marina forests using logistic regression (Case Study: Hormozgan province)
This study predicates the prone areas for developing Avicenna Marina forests along the coastal areas of Hormozgan province by studying the oceanography features influencing these forests and using logistic regression models. Tidal areas, flooding level, salinity of water and waves were recognized as influencing variables. The prediction of prone areas was based on using logistic regression model and the validity of the model was studied by ROC test and Pseudo-R 2 .The results of this study indicates that; firstly the maximum wave height, the average maximum flooding level and the level of sanity of water are significantly associated with the presence of Mangrove and the high level of parameters of ROC and Pseudo-R 2 confirm the validity of the model. Secondly the maximum wave height was introduced as the main marine parameter influencing the Mangrove communities. Finally the eastern part of the Persian Gulf coast and the west coast of Oman were found as the most suitable areas for developing Mangrove forest
Surface acoustic wave attenuation by a two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field
The propagation of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) on GaAs/AlGaAs
heterostructures is studied in the case where the two-dimensional electron gas
(2DEG) is subject to a strong magnetic field and a smooth random potential with
correlation length Lambda and amplitude Delta. The electron wave functions are
described in a quasiclassical picture using results of percolation theory for
two-dimensional systems. In accordance with the experimental situation, Lambda
is assumed to be much smaller than the sound wavelength 2*pi/q. This restricts
the absorption of surface phonons at a filling factor \bar{\nu} approx 1/2 to
electrons occupying extended trajectories of fractal structure. Both
piezoelectric and deformation potential interactions of surface acoustic
phonons with electrons are considered and the corresponding interaction
vertices are derived. These vertices are found to differ from those valid for
three-dimensional bulk phonon systems with respect to the phonon wave vector
dependence. We derive the appropriate dielectric function varepsilon(omega,q)
to describe the effect of screening on the electron-phonon coupling. In the low
temperature, high frequency regime T << Delta (omega_q*Lambda
/v_D)^{alpha/2/nu}, where omega_q is the SAW frequency and v_D is the electron
drift velocity, both the attenuation coefficient Gamma and varepsilon(omega,q)
are independent of temperature. The classical percolation indices give
alpha/2/nu=3/7. The width of the region where a strong absorption of the SAW
occurs is found to be given by the scaling law |Delta \bar{\nu}| approx
(omega_q*Lambda/v_D)^{alpha/2/nu}. The dependence of the electron-phonon
coupling and the screening due to the 2DEG on the filling factor leads to a
double-peak structure for Gamma(\bar{\nu}).Comment: 17 pages, 3 Postscript figures, minor changes mad
Lithium attenuated the depressant and anxiogenic effect of juvenile social stress through mitigating the negative impact of interlukin-1β and nitric oxide on hypothala...
Abstract—The neuroimmune-endocrine dysfunction has
been accepted as one of fundamental mechanisms contributing
to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders
including depression and anxiety. In this study, we aimed
to evaluate the involvement of hypothalamic–pituitary–adre
nal (HPA) axis, interleukin-1b, and nitrergic system in mediating
the negative behavioral impacts of juvenile social isolation
stress (SIS) in male mice. We also investigated the
possible protective effects of lithium on behavioral and neurochemical
changes in socially isolated animals. Results
showed that experiencing 4-weeks of juvenile SIS provoked
depressive and anxiety-like behaviors that were associated
with hyper responsiveness of HPA axis, upregulation of
interleukin-1b, and nitric oxide (NO) overproduction in the
pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus. Administration of
lithium (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the depressant
and anxiogenic effects of SIS in behavioral tests. Lithium
also restored the negative effects of SIS on cortical and hippocampal
interleukin-1b and NO as well as HPA axis deregulation.
Unlike the neutralizing effects of L-arginine (NO
precursor), administration of L-NAME (3 mg/kg) and
aminoguanidine (20 mg/kg) potentiated the positive effects
of lithium on the behavioral and neurochemical profile of
isolated mice. In conclusion, our results revealed that juvenile
SIS-induced behavioral deficits are associated with
abnormalities in HPA-immune function. Also, we suggest
that alleviating effects of lithium on behavioral profile
of isolated mice may be partly mediated by mitigating
the negative impact of NO on HPA-immune function.
� 2015 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve
Metformin attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats through activation of AMPK signaling pathway
Background: Nephropathy is the main problem of diabetes and can be classified into several phases according to the presence of albuminuria. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) operates as a sensor of energy charge. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the reno-protective properties of AMPK signaling pathway against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced nephropathy in the rat. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four groups. Group 1 was normal rats (N group); group 2 was diabetic rats (D group); group 3 received diabetic rats + metformin (DM group), and group 4 received giabetic rats + metformin + dorsomorphin (DMD group). Serum albumin, uric acid, total protein and creatinine for estimation of renal injury were measured. Finally, the histological study was evaluated. Results: Reduction of body weight, albumin and total protein in the diabetic rat was reversed by metformin administration. Our results showed that serum uric acid and creatinine were significantly increased in diabetic rats and decreased after treatment with metformin in diabetic rats. AMPK improved the histopathology and morphological changes in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Administration of dorsomorphin (AMPK inhibitor) with metformin can reverse the beneficial effects of AMPK. Conclusions: AMPK signaling pathway ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by modifications of serum albumin, uric acid, total protein, creatinine and attenuation of kidney damage
Quantum Hall Effect in Three Dimensional Layered Systems
Using a mapping of a layered three-dimensional system with significant
inter-layer tunneling onto a spin-Hamiltonian, the phase diagram in the strong
magnetic field limit is obtained in the semi-classical approximation. This
phase diagram, which exhibit a metallic phase for a finite range of energies
and magnetic fields, and the calculated associated critical exponent,
, agree excellently with existing numerical calculations. The
implication of this work for the quantum Hall effect in three dimensions is
discussed.Comment: 4 pages + 4 figure
Commercial shellfish skin prick test extracts show critical variability in allergen repertoire
[Extract] Crustacean and mollusc (shellfish) allergy affects up to 3% of the general population, is usually lifelong and commonly triggers anaphylaxis.1 Allergen repertoire diversity among hundreds of edible shellfish species worldwide is poorly reflected in available in vivo and in vitro diagnostic tools for shellfish allergy. Skin prick testing (SPT) is often the preferred first-line diagnostic approach. However, widely utilized commercial SPT extracts are generally not standardized, limiting the diagnostic value of results.2 Asero et al. reported a heterogeneous abundance of three shellfish allergens in five commercial crustacean SPT extracts, resulting in 32 clinical profiles among 157 shrimp-allergic patients.3 In 2019, we demonstrated considerable variability in allergen repertoire and IgE-binding for 27 commercial fish SPT extracts.4 We now report an even greater, critical variability for 11 commercial crustacean and five mollusc SPT extracts, utilizing biochemical and immunological methods and mass spectrometry (see Appendix S1 for methodology and TableS1 for allergen extract details)
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