Pengaruh Paduan Abu Batubara Dengan Pasir Inti Cor Bekas Terhadap Konduktivitas Termal, Tahanan Termal, Dan Kuat Tekan Sebagai Bahan Refractory

Permasalahan limbah yang sulit terpecahkan seiring dengan pesatnya kemajuan industri sekarang ini menjadi salah satu alasan dilakukannya studi pemanfaatan limbah menjadi barang berdaya guna tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini, abu batubara dan pasir inti cor bekas merupakan dua obyek pemanfaatan limbah yang berdasarkan sifat mekanis dan karakteristiknya berpotensi menjadi bahan alternatif pembuatan refraktori/bata tahan api berbahan dasar tanah liat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh paduan terhadap konduktivitas termal, tahanan termal, dan kekuatan tekan sebagai bahan refraktori. Proses preparasi paduan dimulai dari proses penjemuran bahan baku (abu batubara dan pasir inti cor bekas) hingga kering, kemudian ditumbuk atau digerus dan diayak sampai ke tahap screening hingga memperoleh ukuran serbuk mesh 50, 100, & 200. Semua bahan kemudian dicampur secara manual dengan variasi komposisi abu-silika (%) 5:45, 10:40, 15:35, 20:30, 25:25, dan tanah liat 50%.. Selanjutnya sebelum paduan dibakar dilakukan proses pembentukan dengan metode cetak tekan menggunakan hidroulik press sebesar 80 kg/cm3 (silinder 2,5x3 cm dan balok 2x2x2 cm). Suhu sintering atau pembakaran dari paduan adalah 1000 °C. Analisa dan pengukuran benda uji yang dilakukan antara lain: analisa fasa dengan XRD, konduktivitas termal, tahanan termal, kekuatan tekan, dan mikro struktur dengan SEM. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa dalam ketiga bahan tersebut terdapat kandungan mineral dominan yang sama yakni SiO2 dengan fasa Quartz, low. Hasil pengukuran sifat-sifatnya menunjukkan harga konduktivitas termal minimum (terbaik) dan tahanan termal maximum (terbaik) ada pada variabel mesh 50, komposisi AB 25%, Si 25%, TL 50% dengan masing-masing sebesar 22,36 W/mK dan 125 °C/W , sedangkan nilai kuat tekan (σ) maksimum (terbaik) ada pada variabel mesh 100, komposisi AB 15%, Si 35%, TL 50% sebesar 8,81 MPa (N/mm²). Pengaruh ukuran serbuk dan komposisi abu batubara dengan pasir inti cor bekas memberikan nilai konduktivitas termal cenderung menurun, sedangkan nilai tahanan termal dan kuat tekan cenderung meningkat. Berdasarkan analisa dan hasil-hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa refraktori yang dibuat cukup memberi nilai guna lebih terhadap limbah (abu batubara dan pasir inti cor bekas) sebagai bahan alternatif pembuatan refraktori

ILOOP – a web application for two-channel microarray interwoven loop design

Microarray technology is widely applied to address complex scientific questions. However, there remain fundamental issues on how to design experiments to ensure that the resulting data enables robust statistical analysis. Interwoven loop design has several advantages over other designs. However it suffers in the complexity of design. We have implemented an online web application which allows users to find optimal loop designs for two-color microarray experiments. Given a number of conditions (such as treatments or time points) and replicates, the application will find the best possible design of the experiment and output experimental parameters. It is freely available from

Genomic signatures and gene networking: challenges and promises

This is an editorial report of the supplement to BMC Genomics that includes 15 papers selected from the BIOCOMP'10 - The 2010 International Conference on Bioinformatics & Computational Biology as well as other sources with a focus on genomics studies

Common-Ground-Type Single-Source High Step-Up Cascaded Multilevel Inverter for Transformerless PV Applications

The cascaded multilevel inverter (CMI) is one type of common inverter in industrial applications. This type of inverter can be synthesized either as a symmetric configuration with several identical H-bridge (HB) cells or as an asymmetric configuration with non-identical HB cells. In photovoltaic (PV) applications with the CMI, the PV modules can be used to replace the isolated dc sources; however, this brings inter-module leakage currents. To tackle the issue, the single-source CMI is preferred. Furthermore, in a grid-tied PV system, the main constraint is the capacitive leakage current. This problem can be addressed by providing a common ground, which is shared by PV modules and the ac grid. This paper thus proposes a topology that fulfills the mentioned requirements and thus, CMI is a promising inverter with wide-ranging industrial uses, such as PV applications. The proposed CMI topology also features high boosting capability, fault current limiting, and a transformerless configuration. To demonstrate the capabilities of this CMI, simulations and experimental results are provided

Synthesis and Optimization of Reversible Circuits - A Survey

Reversible logic circuits have been historically motivated by theoretical research in low-power electronics as well as practical improvement of bit-manipulation transforms in cryptography and computer graphics. Recently, reversible circuits have attracted interest as components of quantum algorithms, as well as in photonic and nano-computing technologies where some switching devices offer no signal gain. Research in generating reversible logic distinguishes between circuit synthesis, post-synthesis optimization, and technology mapping. In this survey, we review algorithmic paradigms --- search-based, cycle-based, transformation-based, and BDD-based --- as well as specific algorithms for reversible synthesis, both exact and heuristic. We conclude the survey by outlining key open challenges in synthesis of reversible and quantum logic, as well as most common misconceptions.Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, 2 table

Improved navigator-gated motion compensation in cardiac MR using additional constraint of magnitude of motion-corrupted data

Background. In conventional prospective respiratory navigator (NAV) acquisitions, 40-60% of the acquired data are discarded resulting in low efficiency and long scan times [1,2].Compressed-sensing Motion Compensation (CosMo) has a shorter fixed scan time by acquiring the full inner k-space and estimating the NAV-rejected outer k-space lines [3]. Respiratory motion will mainly manifest itself as phase variation in the acquired k-space data. We sought to determine if the addition of the magnitude of the rejected k-space lines as a constraint in image reconstruction will improve the performance of CosMo. Methods. To investigate the variability of the magnitude of kspace lines at different respiratory phases, free-breathing, ECG-triggered, targeted right coronary images with multiple averages were acquired from 10 healthy adult subjects. Magnitude variability was investigated quantitatively by calculating the cross-correlation between accepted and rejected k-space lines. CosMo was implemented retrospectively on one acquisition from each subject. The inner k-space (31 ky by 7 kz lines) was filled with lines acquired within the 5mm gating window from all acquisitions. The outer kspace was then filled only with lines from the first average acquired within the 5 mm gating window, resulting in an undersampled k-space with a fully sampled center. For reliable image reconstruction with CosMo, 10-20% of the inner k-space must be fully-sampled. The missing outer k-space lines were then estimated using LOST with an additional magnitude constraint within each estimation iteration or in the final iteration for each coil [4]. The results were compared with prospective NAVgating with a gating window of 5 mm and CosMo reconstruction without the magnitude constraint. Results. Figure 1 shows the cross-correlation between the accepted and worst rejected k-space lines for each position. The correlation is close to 1 at the center of kspace where the majority of image information is contained, indicating low variability in magnitude information at different respiratory phases. Figure 2 shows right coronary images acquired using a) fully-sampled, 5-mm gated data, b) the original CosMo, and CosMo with the additional magnitude constraint c) inside each iteration and d) in the final iteration. The relative signal-to-noise in the left ventricle blood pool is: $30.71 \pm 6.5; 40.32 \pm 14.2; 53.9 \pm 26.8; 56.8 \pm 25.9$ for each reconstruction, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) are present for all measurements except between the original CosMo and the CosMo image with the magnitude constraint in each iteration (p=0.09). Conclusions. The addition of the magnitude of rejected lines, readily available in all navigator-gated scans, as a constraint in CosMo results in improved image quality as measured by relative SNR. Funding. NIH R01EB008743-01A2