Strauss’s Farabi

This article considers a difference between Farabi’s political views and Strauss political view at one part and showing how Strauss has skillfully diverged from Farabi’s path on the other part. For this purpose, and because of the wide range of works from both thinkers, I will consider one work from Farabi under the title of The philosophy of Plato and one work of Strauss under the title of Farabi’s Plato which they have already bounded together in a view to the context. It must be discussed and analysis that how and why Strauss took such a view in aforementioned work about Farabi which is not easy to discover. To make the discussion more concrete, I will explain some esoteric notion of Farabi’s political view

A Revision to the Issue of Frames by Non-minimal Large Field Inflation

We present an extended study of inflationary models that inflaton field is non-minimally coupled with gravity. We study parameters space of the models up to the second (and in some cases third) order of the slow-roll parameters for usual large field potentials in Jordan and Einstein frames that are connected each other by conformal transformation. We calculate inflationary parameters and the results are compared in both frames and also with observations. By using the recent observational datasets, we present a discussion in order to clarify the physical frame between Jordan and Einstein frames. Also, some suggestions are expressed in order to navigate us for the future works

Evaluating Political Act of Aggression

Political theories and ideologies are arguably the foundations of political power relations [1], the process of exercise of power between an authority and subject. Because different political theories apply contrary principles, the legitimacy of political actions, as judged by their norms and effectiveness [2], is an on-going and contentious discussion. The use of different principles leads to different practical exercises such as, acquisition, procedures and the practice of political power. For instance, western political theories take for granted that political legitimacy is based on the principles of human rights, the concept of ‘power to’ viz. the mutual appreciation of rights, and the rights of citizens and governments which is the concept of ‘power of ’, viz. the moral significance of claiming to a right. Such principles in nonwestern power relations are not fully appreciate, thus the sovereignty relying merely on one concept of power: the concept of ‘power over’ which implies domination. The western principles for a legitimate power relation is not only vital for current political relations, including the ability to secure and to develop peace, but also to recognize and address the illegitimate state and their instruments. Given this premise, we can normatively and empirically assess ‘political acts of aggression’, or state’s coercion which are arguably an instrument of every political power. Indeed, such contribution referring mostly to the modern authoritarian/totalitarian states in the Middle East and North Africa which have been used coercion or political aggression in their power relations.1 Moreover, it is important to distinguish legitimate and illegitimate political acts of aggression. The difference will be examined through examples of acts of aggression in politics, carried out especially from top-down approach

Isocrates’ Role in Ancient Greek Political Idea ; Start Point of Western Political Philosophy

Political participation and the public education that have always been deployed to support the incipient progress of the civic life are revived in the modern political discourses. It has been believed that the age of pre- Socrates was the age of the Sophists whose acrid fallacy works occupied the political sphere, a malaise in government. However, speaking non-traditionally in the modern pedagogical system, there were some pre-Socratic thinkers and political philosophers/orators who’s works are the backbone of modern discourse on this matter. It will be examined whether any part of the classical rhetoric apparatus can be recovered and put to a good practice in the modern education and modern political participation. This point will be illustrated, furthermore, in this paper by alleging the importance of rhetoric, its role in Ancient Greek Democracy, and its influence on the modern concepts of power and democracy, as a continual element in a historical- political life. The further consideration is whether there was any democratic Polis existed in Ancient Athens and then, if there was, what characteristics it consisted of. Moreover, whether such concept can or should be considered in modern political discourses. In this sense, the liberal, non-dogmatic strain of the sophistry of Isocrates tradition urges us to indicate that the findings of this educational principles are, if not necessary, but adjutant complementary metes to our modern political knowledge of the states. In the end, it is inquired to see comparatively that how the tradition of rhetorical art and the concept of power in the Ancient Greek society have pertained to the modern democratic elements and whether we are able to empower this influential element in modern states

The Case of Reliance on the Credenda and the Medieval Justification of Political Power

This paper assesses two instruments of power: the miranda and credenda of power. These instruments can be found in different power systems and regimes: in ancient Greece, Islamic medieval states or even in Modern Middle Easter states. The first approach is historical, which helps to understand the origin of the miranda and credenda of power. The second approach is theoretical, which helps to show both the miranda and credenda of power that are used to assess the claims to the justification of power. As a critique, this paper shows that semi-democracies, fascist states, theocracies, and communist regimes use these instruments excessively to justify their power. Abuse of such instrument is only possible by generating “negative political consciousness” of which aim is to make folks to become rightless and powerless. Such trend is a threat to a healthy democracy. The aim of this paper attempts to show the important role of miranda and credenda of power in justification of power

Slow-roll inflation in f(Q)f(Q) non-metric gravity

We discuss the cosmological inflation in the context of $f(Q)$ non-metric gravity, where $Q$ is the non-metric scalar. After introducing conformal transformations for $f(Q)$ gravity, we first focus on the potential-slow-roll inflation by studying the corresponding potentials for different forms of the function $f(Q)$ in the Einstein frame. Secondly, we investigate the Hubble-slow-roll inflation for three classes of inflationary potentials considered for the specific form $f(Q)\propto Q^{2}$, in the Jordan frame. We compare results in both approaches with observations coming from Planck and BICEP2/Keck array satellites. Observational constraints on the parameters space of the models are obtained as well.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication ion Physics of the Dark Univers

Inhibitory effect of plant essential oils on Malassezia strains from Iranian dermatitis patients

Introduction: The genus Malassezia is an important skin resident of human. The present study aimed to analyze in vitro activity of the essential oils of Lavandula stoechas, Cuminum cyminum and Artemisia sieberi against clinical strains of Malassezia species. Methods: A total of 47 Malassezia strains, including Malassezia furfur, Malassezia globosa and Malassezia obtuse, were used in this study. A disk diffusion technique was selected for testing the susceptibility of Malassezia strains to the essential oils. Results: All the essential oils showed in vitro activity against Malassezia strains, with M. furfur and M. obtusa being the highest and lowest susceptible of the strains, respectively. The highest antifungal activity was associated with the essential oil of C. cyminum (mean ± SD: 50.0 ± 0.0 mm), followed by L. stoechas (mean ± SD: 46.8 ± 3.1 mm) and A. sieberi (mean ± SD: 36.9 ± 5.7 mm). The inhibition zone ranges were 12.5 to 15.6 mm (mean ± SD: 14.4 ± 1.6 mm) for ketoconazole and 11.6 to 13.3 mm (mean ± SD: 12.4 ± 0.9 mm) for fluconazole. Although all the antifungal drugs were found to possess good antifungal activities against Malassezia strains, their effects were lower than the activities shown by the essential oils tested (P<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that the essential oils tested, especially the one from C. cyminum, inhibited the growth of clinical strains of Malassezia, implying its potential use in the treatment of Malassezia infections. This indicates that this plant may be useful in preparation of new drugs

What is the amplitude of the Gravitational Waves background expected in the Starobinsky model ?

The inflationary model proposed by Starobinski in 1979 predicts an amplitude of the spectrum of primordial gravitational waves, parametrized by the tensor to scalar ratio, of $r=0.0037$ in case of a scalar spectral index of $n_S=0.965$. This amplitude is currently used as a target value in the design of future CMB experiments with the ultimate goal of measuring it at more than five standard deviations. Here we evaluate how stable are the predictions of the Starobinski model on $r$ considering the experimental uncertainties on $n_S$ and the assumption of $\Lambda$CDM. We also consider inflationary models where the $R^2$ term in Starobinsky action is generalized to a $R^{2p}$ term with index $p$ close to unity. We found that current data place a lower limit of $r>0.0013$ at $95 \%$ C.L. for the classic Starobinski model, and predict also a running of the scalar index different from zero at more than three standard deviation in the range $dn/dlnk=-0.0006_{-0.0001}^{+0.0002}$. A level of gravitational waves of $r\sim0.001$ is therefore possible in the Starobinski scenario and it will not be clearly detectable by future CMB missions as LiteBIRD and CMB-S4. When assuming a more general $R^{2p}$ inflation we found no expected lower limit on $r$, and a running consistent with zero. We found that current data are able to place a tight constraints on the index of $R^{2p}$ models at $95\%$ C.L. i.e. $p= 0.99^{+0.02}_{-0.03}$.Comment: Corrected a typo in the potential normalizatio

On the constant roll complex scalar field inflationary models

In this paper we wish to point out the possibility of using a complex scalar field in a constant roll inflationary model, as needed for observational viability. We extend the idea of real field inflaton with constant rate of roll to a complex field, showing the feasibility of solving Einstein Klein-Gordon equations constrained by an \emph{appropriate} form of constant roll definition. As compared to the well known (two-parametric class of) real field models, there is one more degree of flexibility in constant roll inflationary solutions which is represented by an arbitrary function of time, $\gamma(t)$. We work with an arbitrary but constant function $\gamma$ (where $\gamma=0$ refers to the corresponding real field model) and find new inflationary class of potentials. In this class of models, the behavior of real and complex field models are similar in some aspects, for example the solutions with large constant roll parameter are not stable and should be considered as early time transients. These field solutions relax at late time on a dual attractor trajectory. However, complex fields phase space trajectories reach this stable regime after real fields.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figure