Effect of elevated fry rearing temperature on survival rate, growth performance, and sex ratio of three Oreochromis niloticus populations of Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes

Sex-reversal in Oreochromis niloticus is used to produce mono-sex males which are desired in aquaculture for better growth performances and population control. The present study was aimed at studying the effect of elevated fry rearing temperature on survival, sex ratios, and growth performances of O. niloticus populations of Lakes Chamo, Koka, and Ziway. Fries from five separate brood pairs of each population were either treated (T) in elevated fry rearing temperature of 36 ± 1°C or kept at room temperature of 24 ± 1°C as control (C) groups for 10 days (phase-I) and then grown in outdoor ponds for six months (phase-II). Survival rates in T groups (74.0 to 91.7%) were lower than that of C groups (83.3 to 97.0%) in all the three populations in phase-I but not in phase-II. Chamo population was better in survival rate (88.4% and 95.4% in Phase-I, and 95.4% and 95.3% in phase-II) than Koka population (85.8% and 91.3% in Phase-I, and 93.9% and 93.5% in phase-II) and Ziway population (80.2% and 88.6% in Phase-I and 90.2% and 91.9% in phase-II) both in T and C groups respectively. The Chamo population also attained significantly (p<0.05) higher mean final weight of 31.58 ± 6.78 g and 24.26 ± 6.67 g in T and C groups respectively, followed by that of Koka population with 21.70 ± 5.10 g and 18.83 ± 4.16 g while Ziway population with mean final weight of 17.49 ± 4.60 g and 16.81 ± 4.15 g was the least both in T and C groups. The overall sex ratios in T groups were skewed towards male but balanced in all C groups of each population.  Better growth was achieved only in T groups with higher male ratio than their corresponding C groups. The number of sensitive brooding pairs and the overall male ratio in T groups were higher in the Koka population (40%, 61.68%) than in Ziway (20%, 56.78%) and Chamo (20%, 56.39%) populations respectively. However, the sensitivity of sex reversal to elevated fry rearing temperature was wide between individuals within each population than across the three populations. Hence, sensitive individuals can be selected from the populations and their degree of sensitivity can be improved through continuous selection of progenies from temperature-sensitive parents

Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters of Three Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes Indicating Threats in Ecological Sustainability

The Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes provide substantial economic, environmental and social benefits across diverse ecological settings. Sustainability of these benefits is affected substantially by the mega-environmental level climate change and cumulative anthropogenic effects at the lakes and in their catchments landscapes. To provide an insight on some of the challenges that affect the lakes' health, this study assessed major water physicochemical status of three Rift Valley lakes: namely, Chamo, Koka and Ziway and compared with previous data. The water physicochemical data were measured in-situ for two years, i.e., from May 2018 to April 2020. Nutrients loading to the lakes were analyzed from water samples. The study demonstrated that water temperature, pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity and total phosphorus (TP) varied significantly between seasons within and between the lakes. The findings demonstrated that the EC and TDS levels during the period of this study were higher than previous reported levels. The findings also showed that establishment and invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) weed had association with nutrient loading into the lakes and vegetation in the lake's shore. The very likely anthropogenic effects associated factors including water turbidity, soluble reactive phosphorus, and nitrate-N concentrations varied among the lakes, across seasons and time. Our findings indicate that the urgent need of education and participatory intervention of watershed management, proper agricultural practices, strict and enforced municipal and industrial waste management practices, protection of wetlands vegetation and delimitation of the lakes' buffer zones to sustain the services of the lakes. Keywords: Chamo, Koka, nutrient pollution; water hyacinth, Ziway DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-9-02 Publication date:September 30th 202

Prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants of Guto Gidda district, East Wellega zone, western Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted in Anger river valley and its tributaries from November to April 2008 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants. Blood samples were collected from 379 randomly selected local sheep (145) and goats (234) of different sex, age and body condition in five peasant associations. The collected samples were examined by haematological and parasitological techniques. Of the total small ruminants examined during the study period, 8 animals (2.11%) were infected with trypanosomes, of which 4 (2.76%) were sheep and 4 (1.70%) goats. Most of the infections were due to T. congolense (1.37%, 0.42%) and T. vivax (1.37%, 1.28%) in sheep and goats respectively. There was no statistical significance difference (P>0.05) between species, sex, age and body conditions. The difference in mean PCV of parasitaemic (24.13%) and aparasitaemic (25.1%) animals was not significant (P>0.05). Tsetse flies of riverine species or palpalis group (Glossina tachinoides) and mechanical vectors of the disease such as tabanus, stomoxys and haematopota were captured during entomological study. The overall apparent densities of tsetse and biting flies were 10.5 and 14.31 flies/trap/day respectively. The difference in overall fly count among peasant associations was significant (

Quality of Family Planning Services in Primary Health Centers of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Background: Good quality of care in family planning (FP) services help individuals and couples to meet their reproductive health needs safely and effectively. Therefore, assessment and improvement of the quality of family planning services could enhance family planning services utilization. This study was thus conducted to assess the quality of family planning services in primary health centers of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional facility based study was conducted from March 1st-25th, 2011 among family planning clients of government primary health care centers in southwest Ethiopia. Exit interview of 301 family planning clients identified through systematic random sampling technique was carried out using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Availability of resources was checked using provider interview and inventory checklist. Moreover, a total of 150 consultation sessions were observed using checklist. Descriptive statistics and linear regression coefficients were generated to meet the objective of the study.Results: There was a shortage of some medical equipment, trained staffs, and information education and communication materials (IEC) in all of the family planning clinics. The mean waiting time at the service delivery points and consultation duration were 16.4 and 10.5 minutes, respectively. The providers used at least one information education and communication material in 33.3% of the consultation sessions. The overall satisfaction score was 8.64. Clients’ perception on adequacy of information during consultation (β=0.24; ( 95%CI=0.02-0.16) ease of getting the clinic site, short waiting time (β=0.17; 95%CI=0.15-029) and educational level (β =0.09; 95%CI =0.09-0.29) were significantly associated with overall satisfaction.Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that there was lack of critical resources for the provision of quality family planning services in all of the primary health care centers included in the study. This has affected important aspects of service provision including the use of IEC materials during consultations. Hence, it is advisable that health managers of the health facilities and the district health office ensure improved availability of trained personnel, IEC materials and other supplies at the clinics.Keywords: Family planning, quality of FP services, client satisfaction, Jimma Zon

Testing the Stability of Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis for Ethiopia

Tourism-Led Growth (TLG) hypothesis demonstrates the profound contribution of tourism industry to the growth of real income. This study examines the long-term impact of international tourism on economic growth in Ethiopia, using a series of annual data spanning from 1995 to 2018. We contribute to the existing empirical literature on Tourism-Led Growth hypothesis, by adopting the conventional least squares framework and the Engle-Granger cointegration test between tourism receipts, trade openness, expenditures on physical capital, expenditures on tertiary education and economic growth in Ethiopia. The Engle-Granger (1987) tested stable long-term relation between the variables considered. This partly guarantees the TLG hypothesis. However, contrary to the predictions of TLG, we have estimated insignificant impact of tourism receipts on the long-run growth of Ethiopian economy, while challenging trustworthiness of the hypothesis in the context of Ethiopia. Our results revealed that the theory itself is incomplete. Besides, the foreign direct investment and domestic investments in physical capital were found significant contributor of long-run real income growth in Ethiopia. It is recommended that the government of Ethiopia should encourage private sector participation to develop the necessary infrastructures in order to achieve higher room tenancy

Příspěvek ke geodynamickému vývoji a postkolizní magmatické aktivitě v jednotce Arabsko-Nubijského štítu (Východoafrické orogenní pásmo) a severozápadní části Moldanubika (Středoevropské variscidy)

Oblast variského orogenního pásma zahrnující exhumovanou kořenovou doménu označovanou jako moldanubikum a arabsko-núbijský štít (ANS) náležící východoafrickému orogenu (EAO) v Etiopii jsou považovány za ideální oblasti ke studiu pozdně-orogenních (post-kolizních) procesů. Na základě širšího spektra metod geologického výzkumu (terénní strukturní mapování, analýza anizotropie magnetické susceptibility, termodynamické modelování P-T vývoje, konvenční U/Pb datování) proběhla rekonstrukce geodynamického vývoje a magmatismu v jihozápadní části Moldanubika (Český masív) a jednotky Tokar-Barka (jižní část Arabsko-Nubijského štítu). V případě domény moldanubika došlo k výraznému tektonometamorfnímu eventu v závěrečné etapě variských orogenních procesů, který v případě arabsko-núbijského štítu chybí. V jižním arabsko-núbijském štítu, respektive v oblasti neoproterozoické juvenilní korové domény Tokar-Barka, postkolizní pluton Chewo složený z monzodioritu a křemenného monzonitu zaznamenal pozdně orogenní přetisk. Odhad teplotně-tlakových podmínek vmístění intruze naznačují, že hloubka jeho vmístění je ca 10 až 13 km. Na základě podrobného studia staveb a struktur, provedené analýzy anizotropie magnetické susceptiblity (AMS) je možné konstatovat, že pluton Chewo byl vmístěn procesem diapirismu do rozsáhlé...The Variscan orogenic belt along the exhumed root domain, known as the Moldanubian Zone as well as the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) in the East African Orogeny (EAO) of Ethiopia, are considered as typical areas for studying late-orogenic (post-collisional) processes and magmatism. Based on a wider range of field and analytical methods: field structural mapping, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis, thermobarometric calculation and P-T evolution, conventional U/Pb dating, a reconstruction of geodynamic evolution and magmatism in the southwestern part of Moldanubian Zone (Bohemian Massif) and Tokar-Barka Terrain (southern part of Arabian-Nubian Shield is undertaken. The Variscan case portrays the peculiar overprint by the Late Orogenic tectonothermal event which is absent in the case of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) hence offering a compelling contrast to investigate the possible underlying mechanism involved for the different processes in the post-orogenic phase. In the southern ANS a post-collisional intrusive Chewo pluton composed of monzodiorite and quartz monzonite marks the late tectonic overprint which intruded into a low-grade Neoproterozoic juvenile crustal Tokar-Barka terrane. Thermobarometric estimations indicate its emplacement to be c. 10-13 Km depth, idealized from AMS...Institute of Petrology and Structural GeologyÚstav petrologie a strukturní geologieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Perceptions of accountability amongst educators in Ethiopia.

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN019486 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Helping Babies Survive Training Programs: Evaluating a Teaching Cascade in Ethiopia

Background: 2.6 million neonates die annually; the vast majority of deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The Helping Babies Survive (HBS) programs are commonly used in LMICs to reduce neonatal mortality through education. They are typically disseminated using a train-the-trainer cascade. However, there is little published literature on the extent and cost of dissemination. In 2015, the Ethiopian Ministry of Health and partner organizations implemented a countrywide HBS training cascade for midwives in 169 hospitals.Methods: We quantified the extent of HBS dissemination, and characterized barriers that impeded successful hospital-based training by surveying a representative from each of the 169 participant hospitals. This occurred from September 2017 to April 2018. We also assessed the cost of the training cascade. To assess acquisition of knowledge and skill in the training cascade, multiple-choice question examinations (MCQE) and objective structured clinical evaluations (OSCE) were conducted.Results: Hospital-based training occurred in 132 participant hospitals (78%). 1,146 midwives, 69% of those employed by participant hospitals, received hospital-based training. Barriers included lack of preparation of hospital-based educators and limited logistical support. The cascade cost an average of 2,105 USD per facility or 197 USD per trainee. Knowledge improved and skills were adequate for regional workshop attendees based on MCQE and OSCE performance.Conclusion: The train-the-trainer strategy is an effective and affordable strategy for widespread dissemination of the HBS programs in LMICs. Future studies should assess knowledge and skill acquisition following the variety of pragmatic training approaches that may be employed at the facility-level

QTL mapping of seedling and field resistance to stem rust in DAKIYE/Reichenbachii durum wheat population

Stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn. (Pgt) threatens the global production of both durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husnot) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this study was to evaluate a durum wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross between a susceptible parent ‘DAKIYE’ and a resistant parent ‘Reichenbachii’ developed by the International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) 1) for seedling response to races JRCQC and TTRTF and 2) for field response to a bulk of the current Pgt races prevalent in Ethiopia and Kenya and 3) to map loci associated with seedling and field resistances in this population. A total of 224 RILs along with their parents were evaluated at the seedling stage in the Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research greenhouse at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia and in the EIAR and KALRO fields in Ethiopia and Kenya, for two seasons from 2019 to 2020. The lines were genotyped using the genotyping-by-sequencing approach. A total of 843 single nucleotide polymorphism markers for 175 lines were used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified three QTL on chromosomes 3B, 4B and 7B contributed by the resistant parent. The QTL on chromosome 3B was identified at all growth stages and it explained 11.8%, 6.5%, 6.4% and 15.3% of the phenotypic variation for responses to races JRCQC, TTRTF and in the field trials ETMS19 and KNMS19, respectively. The power to identify additional QTL in this population was limited by the number of high-quality markers, since several markers with segregation distortion were eliminated. A cytological study is needed to understand the presence of chromosomal rearrangements. Future evaluations of additional durum lines and RIL families identification of durable adult plant resistance sources is crucial for breeding stem rust resistance in durum wheat in the future