12 research outputs found

    Exposure of predatory and scavenging birds to anticoagulant rodenticides in France: Exploration of data from French surveillance programs

    Get PDF
    Wild raptors are widely used to assess exposure to different environmental contaminants, including anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). ARs are used on a global scale for rodent control, and act by disruption of the vitamin K cycle that results in haemorrhage usually accompanied by death within days. Some ARs are highly persistent and bioaccumulative, which can cause significant exposure of non-target species.We characterized AR exposure in a heterogeneous sample of dead raptors collected over 12 years (2008–2019) in south-eastern France. Residue analysis of 156 liver samples through LC-MS/MS revealed that 50% (78/156) were positive for ARs, with 13.5% (21/156) having summed second-generation AR (SGAR) concentrations\u3e100 ng/gww.While SGARs were commonly detected (97.4% of positive samples), first-generation ARs were rarely found (7.7% of positive samples). ARs were more frequently detected and at greater concentration in predators (prevalence: 82.5%) than in scavengers (38.8%). Exposure to multiple ARs was common (64.1% of positive samples).While chlorophacinone exposure decreased over time, an increasing exposure trend was observed for the SGAR brodifacoum, suggesting that public policies may not be efficient at mitigating risk of exposure for non-target species. Haemorrhage was observed in 88 birds, but AR toxicosis was suspected in only 2 of these individuals, and no difference in frequency of haemorrhage was apparent in birds displaying summed SGAR levels above or below 100 ng/g ww. As for other contaminants, 17.2% of liver samples (11/64) exhibited Pb levels compatible with sub-clinical poisoning (\u3e6 ÎŒg/g dw), with 6.3% (4/64) above the threshold for severe/lethal poisoning (\u3e30 ÎŒg/g dw). Nine individuals with Pb levels \u3e6 ÎŒg/g dw also had AR residues, demonstrating exposure to multiple contaminants. Broad toxicological screening for other contaminants was positive for 18 of 126 individuals, with carbofuran and mevinphos exposure being the suspected cause of death of 17 birds. Our findings demonstrate lower but still substantial AR exposure of scavenging birds compared to predatory birds, and also illustrate the complexity of diagnosing AR toxicosis through forensic investigations

    IntĂ©rĂȘt et exploration des marqueurs cliniques et biologiques de la toxicitĂ© primaire et secondaire des rodonticides anticoagulants

    No full text
    Massive use of pesticides is a societal issue. Among pesticides, anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used for pest control. They inhibit vitamin K recycling leading to impairment of the coagulation cascade and lethal bleeding. Emergence of resistance in some rodents led to the development of several generations of molecules. Last generation VKA are bioaccumulative in organisms, leading to toxicity and ecotoxicity issues, with major risk of exposure for non-target fauna. It is therefore necessary to differentiate environmental exposure and true poisoning. How is it possible to better characterize VKA toxicity ? Purpose of this work was to try to solve this question. A critical review of literature about biomarkers potency led to the proposal of a list of criteria to evaluate the relevance of those markers. Those criteria were then used to discuss the relevance of markers tested on the field. Two field studies were performed. First was about primary exposure of milking ewes to a first-generation rodenticide, chlorophacinone. It allowed us to show a non-linear correlation between plasmatic concentrations of chlorophacinone and increase of prothrombin time PT. However, conclusions were limited as no dose-response relationship could be demonstrated between VKA concentrations and PT increase. Furthermore chlorophacinone as a first generation VKA is more readily detectable in plasma than second-generation VKA. Second study was dealing with toxicological surveillance of birds of prey over a 12-year period in France, to assess secondary exposure of those birds to VKA, and test correlation between VKA concentrations found in liver samples and diagnosis of toxicosis, based on the presence of haemorrhages. As previously seen, determination of a toxicity threshold is a complex issue. No significant correlation could be shown, and one of the major conclusions was that a toxicity threshold might not be the best marker of toxicity for VKA rodenticides. Last phase of this work was about exploring through a pilot study the potency of vitamin K as a biomarker of VKA toxicity, using vitamin K1 and menaquinone-4 concentrations in different tissues after lethal exposure to bromadiolone. Conclusions of this small-scaled study were limited but are opening new leads for research, such as the use of ratios of [oxydative vitK]/[quinone vitK], which seem to increase within 24 hours after VKA poisoning. Finally, the initial question of this work was not really solved, but this thesis brings new elements in the determination of relevant markers to characterize VKA toxicity, and on a more general point of view some elements of reflexion on the definition of rodenticide toxicity. One unique marker may not be sufficient to diagnose an intoxication, rather a toolbox of markers. Markers should also be classified according to the type of toxicity to be diagnosed, i.e. acute toxicity and chronic toxicity of VKA.Les rodonticides anticoagulants sont des produits prĂ©pondĂ©rants dans la lutte contre les rongeurs nuisibles. Leur action sur le recyclage de la vitamine K entraĂźne des anomalies de la coagulation et une mort diffĂ©rĂ©e des suites d’hĂ©morragies. L'Ă©mergence de phĂ©nomĂšnes de rĂ©sistance chez certains rongeurs a nĂ©cessitĂ© le dĂ©veloppement de plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations de molĂ©cules, les derniĂšres gĂ©nĂ©rations Ă©tant particuliĂšrement persistantes et bioaccumulables dans les organismes. Cela entraĂźne des problĂ©matiques de toxicitĂ© et d’écotoxicitĂ© de ces molĂ©cules, avec un risque majeur d’exposition des populations non-cibles. Il convient donc de distinguer exposition environnementale aux rodonticides, et intoxication rĂ©elle : ainsi, comment caractĂ©riser au mieux la toxicitĂ© des AVK ? L’objectif principal de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© de tenter d’apporter des pistes de rĂ©ponses Ă  cette question. Une revue critique de la littĂ©rature existante sur les diffĂ©rents marqueurs potentiels disponibles a Ă©tĂ© l’occasion de proposer une liste critĂšres permettant d’évaluer la pertinence de ces marqueurs. Ces critĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© repris par la suite pour discuter des marqueurs testĂ©s dans les Ă©tudes sur le terrain. Deux Ă©tudes sur le terrain ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es. La premiĂšre, sur une exposition primaire de brebis laitiĂšres Ă  un AVK de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration, la chlorophacinone, a permis d’établir une corrĂ©lation non linĂ©aire entre les concentrations plasmatiques de cet AVK et son effet sur la cascade de coagulation, mesurĂ© par le temps de Quick (TQ). Cependant, ces conclusions sont limitĂ©es par l’absence d’une vraie relation dose-rĂ©ponse entre les concentrations retrouvĂ©es et l’augmentation du TQ, ainsi que par la nature de l’AVK testĂ©, de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration : les rĂ©sultats sont difficilement gĂ©nĂ©ralisables aux AVK de seconde gĂ©nĂ©ration, puisque leur fraction circulante dans le plasma est moindre. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tude s’est basĂ©e sur une veille toxicologique rĂ©alisĂ©e sur douze ans sur des rapaces collectĂ©s dans le quart sud-est de la France, afin d'Ă©valuer l’exposition secondaire de ces oiseaux aux AVK, et de tester la corrĂ©lation entre niveaux d’AVK retrouvĂ©s dans leur foie et probabilitĂ© d’intoxication, Ă©valuĂ©e par la prĂ©sence d’hĂ©morragies. Comme dĂ©jĂ  observĂ© dans de prĂ©cĂ©dentes Ă©tudes sur le sujet, l’établissement d’un seuil de toxicitĂ© s'est avĂ©rĂ© complexe. Aucune corrĂ©lation significative n’a pu ĂȘtre dĂ©montrĂ©e, et une des conclusions majeures de cette Ă©tude est que l’établissement d’un seuil de concentration pour Ă©valuer la toxicitĂ© des AVK n’est peut-ĂȘtre pas le marqueur d’effet le plus pertinent. Le dernier volet de notre travail a consistĂ© en une exploration prĂ©liminaire d’un marqueur potentiel peu investiguĂ© i.e. l’évolution des concentrations en deux vitamĂšres de la vitamine K (vitamine K1 et mĂ©naquinone-4 (MK4)), dans des tissus facilement accessibles en post-mortem (foie, poumon et rein), suite Ă  une exposition Ă  une dose lĂ©tale Ă  un AVK, la bromadiolone. Les conclusions de cette Ă©tude pilote, rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  petite Ă©chelle dans des conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es chez le rat, sont limitĂ©es mais elles ouvrent des pistes de recherches intĂ©ressantes notamment concernant l’utilisation des ratios [forme oxydĂ©e]/[forme rĂ©duite] pour la vitamine K1 et la MK4, qui semblent augmenter dans un dĂ©lai de 24h suite Ă  une intoxication Ă  un AVK. Finalement, la question de dĂ©part de cette thĂšse n’a pas Ă©tĂ© pas rĂ©ellement Ă©lucidĂ©e. Pourtant, ce travail apporte des Ă©lĂ©ments supplĂ©mentaires Ă  la rĂ©flexion sur le sujet, et de maniĂšre plus globale sur la dĂ©finition Ă  apporter Ă  la toxicitĂ© des AVK, relativement complexe. Il semblerait qu’un seul marqueur ne soit pas suffisant pour la caractĂ©riser, mais plutĂŽt un ensemble de marqueurs. On pourrait Ă©galement introduire un nouveau niveau de classification des marqueurs potentiels, en lien avec la nature de la toxicitĂ© des AVK investiguĂ©e, de deux grands types : la toxicitĂ© aiguĂ« des AVK, et leur toxicitĂ© chronique, aujourd'hui peu caractĂ©risĂ©e

    Clinical and biological markers potency to characterize primary and secondary toxicity of anticoagulant rodenticides

    No full text
    Les rodonticides anticoagulants sont des produits prĂ©pondĂ©rants dans la lutte contre les rongeurs nuisibles. Leur action sur le recyclage de la vitamine K entraĂźne des anomalies de la coagulation et une mort diffĂ©rĂ©e des suites d’hĂ©morragies. L'Ă©mergence de phĂ©nomĂšnes de rĂ©sistance chez certains rongeurs a nĂ©cessitĂ© le dĂ©veloppement de plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations de molĂ©cules, les derniĂšres gĂ©nĂ©rations Ă©tant particuliĂšrement persistantes et bioaccumulables dans les organismes. Cela entraĂźne des problĂ©matiques de toxicitĂ© et d’écotoxicitĂ© de ces molĂ©cules, avec un risque majeur d’exposition des populations non-cibles. Il convient donc de distinguer exposition environnementale aux rodonticides, et intoxication rĂ©elle : ainsi, comment caractĂ©riser au mieux la toxicitĂ© des AVK ? L’objectif principal de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© de tenter d’apporter des pistes de rĂ©ponses Ă  cette question. Une revue critique de la littĂ©rature existante sur les diffĂ©rents marqueurs potentiels disponibles a Ă©tĂ© l’occasion de proposer une liste critĂšres permettant d’évaluer la pertinence de ces marqueurs. Ces critĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© repris par la suite pour discuter des marqueurs testĂ©s dans les Ă©tudes sur le terrain. Deux Ă©tudes sur le terrain ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es. La premiĂšre, sur une exposition primaire de brebis laitiĂšres Ă  un AVK de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration, la chlorophacinone, a permis d’établir une corrĂ©lation non linĂ©aire entre les concentrations plasmatiques de cet AVK et son effet sur la cascade de coagulation, mesurĂ© par le temps de Quick (TQ). Cependant, ces conclusions sont limitĂ©es par l’absence d’une vraie relation dose-rĂ©ponse entre les concentrations retrouvĂ©es et l’augmentation du TQ, ainsi que par la nature de l’AVK testĂ©, de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration : les rĂ©sultats sont difficilement gĂ©nĂ©ralisables aux AVK de seconde gĂ©nĂ©ration, puisque leur fraction circulante dans le plasma est moindre. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tude s’est basĂ©e sur une veille toxicologique rĂ©alisĂ©e sur douze ans sur des rapaces collectĂ©s dans le quart sud-est de la France, afin d'Ă©valuer l’exposition secondaire de ces oiseaux aux AVK, et de tester la corrĂ©lation entre niveaux d’AVK retrouvĂ©s dans leur foie et probabilitĂ© d’intoxication, Ă©valuĂ©e par la prĂ©sence d’hĂ©morragies. Comme dĂ©jĂ  observĂ© dans de prĂ©cĂ©dentes Ă©tudes sur le sujet, l’établissement d’un seuil de toxicitĂ© s'est avĂ©rĂ© complexe. Aucune corrĂ©lation significative n’a pu ĂȘtre dĂ©montrĂ©e, et une des conclusions majeures de cette Ă©tude est que l’établissement d’un seuil de concentration pour Ă©valuer la toxicitĂ© des AVK n’est peut-ĂȘtre pas le marqueur d’effet le plus pertinent. Le dernier volet de notre travail a consistĂ© en une exploration prĂ©liminaire d’un marqueur potentiel peu investiguĂ© i.e. l’évolution des concentrations en deux vitamĂšres de la vitamine K (vitamine K1 et mĂ©naquinone-4 (MK4)), dans des tissus facilement accessibles en post-mortem (foie, poumon et rein), suite Ă  une exposition Ă  une dose lĂ©tale Ă  un AVK, la bromadiolone. Les conclusions de cette Ă©tude pilote, rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  petite Ă©chelle dans des conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es chez le rat, sont limitĂ©es mais elles ouvrent des pistes de recherches intĂ©ressantes notamment concernant l’utilisation des ratios [forme oxydĂ©e]/[forme rĂ©duite] pour la vitamine K1 et la MK4, qui semblent augmenter dans un dĂ©lai de 24h suite Ă  une intoxication Ă  un AVK. Finalement, la question de dĂ©part de cette thĂšse n’a pas Ă©tĂ© pas rĂ©ellement Ă©lucidĂ©e. Pourtant, ce travail apporte des Ă©lĂ©ments supplĂ©mentaires Ă  la rĂ©flexion sur le sujet, et de maniĂšre plus globale sur la dĂ©finition Ă  apporter Ă  la toxicitĂ© des AVK, relativement complexe. Il semblerait qu’un seul marqueur ne soit pas suffisant pour la caractĂ©riser, mais plutĂŽt un ensemble de marqueurs. On pourrait Ă©galement introduire un nouveau niveau de classification des marqueurs potentiels, en lien avec la nature de la toxicitĂ© des AVK investiguĂ©e, de deux grands types : la toxicitĂ© aiguĂ« des AVK, et leur toxicitĂ© chronique, aujourd'hui peu caractĂ©risĂ©e.Massive use of pesticides is a societal issue. Among pesticides, anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used for pest control. They inhibit vitamin K recycling leading to impairment of the coagulation cascade and lethal bleeding. Emergence of resistance in some rodents led to the development of several generations of molecules. Last generation VKA are bioaccumulative in organisms, leading to toxicity and ecotoxicity issues, with major risk of exposure for non-target fauna. It is therefore necessary to differentiate environmental exposure and true poisoning. How is it possible to better characterize VKA toxicity ? Purpose of this work was to try to solve this question. A critical review of literature about biomarkers potency led to the proposal of a list of criteria to evaluate the relevance of those markers. Those criteria were then used to discuss the relevance of markers tested on the field. Two field studies were performed. First was about primary exposure of milking ewes to a first-generation rodenticide, chlorophacinone. It allowed us to show a non-linear correlation between plasmatic concentrations of chlorophacinone and increase of prothrombin time PT. However, conclusions were limited as no dose-response relationship could be demonstrated between VKA concentrations and PT increase. Furthermore chlorophacinone as a first generation VKA is more readily detectable in plasma than second-generation VKA. Second study was dealing with toxicological surveillance of birds of prey over a 12-year period in France, to assess secondary exposure of those birds to VKA, and test correlation between VKA concentrations found in liver samples and diagnosis of toxicosis, based on the presence of haemorrhages. As previously seen, determination of a toxicity threshold is a complex issue. No significant correlation could be shown, and one of the major conclusions was that a toxicity threshold might not be the best marker of toxicity for VKA rodenticides. Last phase of this work was about exploring through a pilot study the potency of vitamin K as a biomarker of VKA toxicity, using vitamin K1 and menaquinone-4 concentrations in different tissues after lethal exposure to bromadiolone. Conclusions of this small-scaled study were limited but are opening new leads for research, such as the use of ratios of [oxydative vitK]/[quinone vitK], which seem to increase within 24 hours after VKA poisoning. Finally, the initial question of this work was not really solved, but this thesis brings new elements in the determination of relevant markers to characterize VKA toxicity, and on a more general point of view some elements of reflexion on the definition of rodenticide toxicity. One unique marker may not be sufficient to diagnose an intoxication, rather a toolbox of markers. Markers should also be classified according to the type of toxicity to be diagnosed, i.e. acute toxicity and chronic toxicity of VKA

    IntĂ©rĂȘt et exploration des marqueurs cliniques et biologiques de la toxicitĂ© primaire et secondaire des rodonticides anticoagulants

    No full text
    Massive use of pesticides is a societal issue. Among pesticides, anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used for pest control. They inhibit vitamin K recycling leading to impairment of the coagulation cascade and lethal bleeding. Emergence of resistance in some rodents led to the development of several generations of molecules. Last generation VKA are bioaccumulative in organisms, leading to toxicity and ecotoxicity issues, with major risk of exposure for non-target fauna. It is therefore necessary to differentiate environmental exposure and true poisoning. How is it possible to better characterize VKA toxicity ? Purpose of this work was to try to solve this question. A critical review of literature about biomarkers potency led to the proposal of a list of criteria to evaluate the relevance of those markers. Those criteria were then used to discuss the relevance of markers tested on the field. Two field studies were performed. First was about primary exposure of milking ewes to a first-generation rodenticide, chlorophacinone. It allowed us to show a non-linear correlation between plasmatic concentrations of chlorophacinone and increase of prothrombin time PT. However, conclusions were limited as no dose-response relationship could be demonstrated between VKA concentrations and PT increase. Furthermore chlorophacinone as a first generation VKA is more readily detectable in plasma than second-generation VKA. Second study was dealing with toxicological surveillance of birds of prey over a 12-year period in France, to assess secondary exposure of those birds to VKA, and test correlation between VKA concentrations found in liver samples and diagnosis of toxicosis, based on the presence of haemorrhages. As previously seen, determination of a toxicity threshold is a complex issue. No significant correlation could be shown, and one of the major conclusions was that a toxicity threshold might not be the best marker of toxicity for VKA rodenticides. Last phase of this work was about exploring through a pilot study the potency of vitamin K as a biomarker of VKA toxicity, using vitamin K1 and menaquinone-4 concentrations in different tissues after lethal exposure to bromadiolone. Conclusions of this small-scaled study were limited but are opening new leads for research, such as the use of ratios of [oxydative vitK]/[quinone vitK], which seem to increase within 24 hours after VKA poisoning. Finally, the initial question of this work was not really solved, but this thesis brings new elements in the determination of relevant markers to characterize VKA toxicity, and on a more general point of view some elements of reflexion on the definition of rodenticide toxicity. One unique marker may not be sufficient to diagnose an intoxication, rather a toolbox of markers. Markers should also be classified according to the type of toxicity to be diagnosed, i.e. acute toxicity and chronic toxicity of VKA.Les rodonticides anticoagulants sont des produits prĂ©pondĂ©rants dans la lutte contre les rongeurs nuisibles. Leur action sur le recyclage de la vitamine K entraĂźne des anomalies de la coagulation et une mort diffĂ©rĂ©e des suites d’hĂ©morragies. L'Ă©mergence de phĂ©nomĂšnes de rĂ©sistance chez certains rongeurs a nĂ©cessitĂ© le dĂ©veloppement de plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations de molĂ©cules, les derniĂšres gĂ©nĂ©rations Ă©tant particuliĂšrement persistantes et bioaccumulables dans les organismes. Cela entraĂźne des problĂ©matiques de toxicitĂ© et d’écotoxicitĂ© de ces molĂ©cules, avec un risque majeur d’exposition des populations non-cibles. Il convient donc de distinguer exposition environnementale aux rodonticides, et intoxication rĂ©elle : ainsi, comment caractĂ©riser au mieux la toxicitĂ© des AVK ? L’objectif principal de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© de tenter d’apporter des pistes de rĂ©ponses Ă  cette question. Une revue critique de la littĂ©rature existante sur les diffĂ©rents marqueurs potentiels disponibles a Ă©tĂ© l’occasion de proposer une liste critĂšres permettant d’évaluer la pertinence de ces marqueurs. Ces critĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© repris par la suite pour discuter des marqueurs testĂ©s dans les Ă©tudes sur le terrain. Deux Ă©tudes sur le terrain ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es. La premiĂšre, sur une exposition primaire de brebis laitiĂšres Ă  un AVK de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration, la chlorophacinone, a permis d’établir une corrĂ©lation non linĂ©aire entre les concentrations plasmatiques de cet AVK et son effet sur la cascade de coagulation, mesurĂ© par le temps de Quick (TQ). Cependant, ces conclusions sont limitĂ©es par l’absence d’une vraie relation dose-rĂ©ponse entre les concentrations retrouvĂ©es et l’augmentation du TQ, ainsi que par la nature de l’AVK testĂ©, de premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration : les rĂ©sultats sont difficilement gĂ©nĂ©ralisables aux AVK de seconde gĂ©nĂ©ration, puisque leur fraction circulante dans le plasma est moindre. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tude s’est basĂ©e sur une veille toxicologique rĂ©alisĂ©e sur douze ans sur des rapaces collectĂ©s dans le quart sud-est de la France, afin d'Ă©valuer l’exposition secondaire de ces oiseaux aux AVK, et de tester la corrĂ©lation entre niveaux d’AVK retrouvĂ©s dans leur foie et probabilitĂ© d’intoxication, Ă©valuĂ©e par la prĂ©sence d’hĂ©morragies. Comme dĂ©jĂ  observĂ© dans de prĂ©cĂ©dentes Ă©tudes sur le sujet, l’établissement d’un seuil de toxicitĂ© s'est avĂ©rĂ© complexe. Aucune corrĂ©lation significative n’a pu ĂȘtre dĂ©montrĂ©e, et une des conclusions majeures de cette Ă©tude est que l’établissement d’un seuil de concentration pour Ă©valuer la toxicitĂ© des AVK n’est peut-ĂȘtre pas le marqueur d’effet le plus pertinent. Le dernier volet de notre travail a consistĂ© en une exploration prĂ©liminaire d’un marqueur potentiel peu investiguĂ© i.e. l’évolution des concentrations en deux vitamĂšres de la vitamine K (vitamine K1 et mĂ©naquinone-4 (MK4)), dans des tissus facilement accessibles en post-mortem (foie, poumon et rein), suite Ă  une exposition Ă  une dose lĂ©tale Ă  un AVK, la bromadiolone. Les conclusions de cette Ă©tude pilote, rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  petite Ă©chelle dans des conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es chez le rat, sont limitĂ©es mais elles ouvrent des pistes de recherches intĂ©ressantes notamment concernant l’utilisation des ratios [forme oxydĂ©e]/[forme rĂ©duite] pour la vitamine K1 et la MK4, qui semblent augmenter dans un dĂ©lai de 24h suite Ă  une intoxication Ă  un AVK. Finalement, la question de dĂ©part de cette thĂšse n’a pas Ă©tĂ© pas rĂ©ellement Ă©lucidĂ©e. Pourtant, ce travail apporte des Ă©lĂ©ments supplĂ©mentaires Ă  la rĂ©flexion sur le sujet, et de maniĂšre plus globale sur la dĂ©finition Ă  apporter Ă  la toxicitĂ© des AVK, relativement complexe. Il semblerait qu’un seul marqueur ne soit pas suffisant pour la caractĂ©riser, mais plutĂŽt un ensemble de marqueurs. On pourrait Ă©galement introduire un nouveau niveau de classification des marqueurs potentiels, en lien avec la nature de la toxicitĂ© des AVK investiguĂ©e, de deux grands types : la toxicitĂ© aiguĂ« des AVK, et leur toxicitĂ© chronique, aujourd'hui peu caractĂ©risĂ©e

    Spinosad et troubles comportementaux puis nerveux: quel est votre avis?

    No full text
    National audienceDes cas similaires ont été rapportés à l'ANMV avec le spinosad et d'autres antiparasitaires externes. L'hypothÚse est une réaction des puces au produit qui, s'agitant sur l'animal avant de mourir, provoqueraient son agitation

    Partitioning of Persistent Organic Pollutants between Adipose Tissue and Serum in Human Studies

    Get PDF
    Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https:// www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/toxics11010041/s1, Table S1. Search strings.Blood is the most widely used matrix for biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It is assumed that POPs are homogenously distributed within body lipids at steady state; however, the variability underlying the partitioning of POPs between fat compartments is poorly understood. Hence, the objective of this study was to review the state of the science about the relationships of POPs between adipose tissue and serum in humans. We conducted a narrative literature review of human observational studies reporting concentrations of POPs in paired samples of adipose tissue with other lipid-based compartments (e.g., serum lipids). The searches were conducted in SCOPUS and PUBMED. A meta-regression was performed to identify factors responsible for variability. All included studies reported high variability in the partition coefficients of POPs, mainly between adipose tissue and serum. The number of halogen atoms was the physicochemical variable most strongly and positively associated with the partition ratios, whereas body mass index was the main biological factor positively and significantly associated. To conclude, although this study provides a better understanding of partitioning of POPs to refine physiologically based pharmacokinetic and epidemiological models, further research is still needed to determine other key factors involved in the partitioning of POPFrench National Research Agency (ANR-18-CE34- 0001-01, Creative Project)Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC-2016-20155, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain)Université de ParisINSER

    Biomarkers Potency to Monitor Non-target Fauna Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides

    No full text
    International audienceThe widespread use of pesticides to control agricultural pests is a hot topic on the public scene of environmental health. Selective pest control for minimum environmental impact is a major goal of the environmental toxicology field, notably to avoid unintended poisoning in different organisms. Anticoagulant rodenticides cause abnormal blood coagulation process; they have been widely used to control rodents, allowing inadvertent primary and secondary exposure in domestic animals and non-target predatory wildlife species through direct ingestion of rodenticide-containing bait or by consumption of poisoned prey. To report toxic effect, the most common approach is the measurement of liver or plasma residues of anticoagulant rodenticides in dead or intoxicated animals showing clinical symptoms. However, one major challenge is that literature currently lacks a hepatic or plasma concentration threshold value for the differentiation of exposure from toxicity. Regarding the variation in pharmacology properties of anticoagulant rodenticides inter- and intra-species, the dose-response relationship must be defined for each species to prejudge the relative risk of poisoning. Beyond that, biomarkers are a key solution widely used for ecological risk assessment of contaminants. Since anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) have toxic effects at the biochemical level, biomarkers can serve as indicators of toxic exposure. In this sense, toxicological knowledge of anticoagulant rodenticides within organisms is an important tool for defining sensitive, specific, and suitable biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview of the toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic parameters of anticoagulant rodenticides in different animal species. We examine different types of biomarkers used to characterize and differentiate the exposure and toxic effects of anticoagulant rodenticide, showing the strengths and weaknesses of the assays. Finally, we describe possible new biomarkers and highlight their capabilities

    Accidental chlorophacinone exposure of lactating ewes: Clinical follow-up and human health dietary implications

    No full text
    International audienceAnticoagulant rodenticides are widely used for rodent control in agricultural and urban settings. Their intense use can sometimes result in accidental exposure and even poisoning of livestock. Can milk, eggs or meat derived from such accidently exposed animals be consumed by humans? Data on the pharmacokinetics of chlorophacinone in milk of accidently exposed ewes were used to estimate the risk associated with its consumption. Three days after accidental ingestion, chlorophacinone was detected in plasma of 18 ewes, with concentrations exceeding 100 ng/mL in 11 animals. Chlorophacinone was detected in milk on day 2 post-exposure and remained quantifiable for at least 7 days in milk of these 11 ewes. Concentrations in milk were much lower than in plasma and decreased quickly (mean half-life of 2 days). This study demonstrated dose-dependent mammary transfer of ingested chlorophacinone. Variation in prothrombin time (PT) on Day 3 suggested that some of the ewes that ingested chlorophacinone may have been adversely affected, but PT did not facilitate estimation of the quantity of chlorophacinone consumed. Using safety factors described in the literature, consumption of dairy products derived from these ewes after a one-week withdrawal period would pose low risk to consumers
    corecore