Лексическая интерференция в южноафриканском варианте английского языка

Статья посвящена особенностям лексической интерференции в южноафриканском варианте английского языка. В качестве главной причины интерференции называется отсутствие в английском языке экспрессивных или функциональных средств, прежде всего, в следующих аспектах: физико-географических особенностей Южной Африки, политико-административных структурах, особенностей быта, имен собственных. Лексический дефицит восполняется заимствованиями из языка африкаанс. В статье приводится классификация данных заимствований на материале анализа документальных источников.Стаття присвячена особливостям лексичної інтерференції в південноафриканському варіанті англійської мови. В якості головної причини інтерференції називається відсутність в англійської мові експресивних або функціональних засобів, по-перше, в наступних аспектах: фізико-географічних особливостях Південної Африки, політико-адміністративних структурах, особливостях побуту, загальних імен. Лексичний дефіцит поповнюється запозичаннями з мови африкаанс. В статті приводиться класифікація даних запозичень на матеріалі аналізу документальних джерел.The article deals with lexical interference in South-African English. It is suggested that such interference is mainly caused by the lack of expressive and/or functional means in the English language in several areas of life. Such areas are specified as: physical/geographical features of Southern Africa, political-administrative structures, basic life-ways, and proper names. Deficiency of the English language in these areas results in borrowing words from Afrikaans and other languages

Экономическое обоснование сущности расходов предприятия

This study examined the development of adolescents' conflict frequency and conflict resolution with their best friends, and tested whether adolescents with different personality types differed in these developmental changes from early to middle adolescence. Dutch adolescents (N = 922, 468 boys; Mage = 12.4 years at first wave) annually filled in questionnaires for five consecutive years. Growth modelling revealed that, whereas adolescents' conflict frequency and hostile conflict resolution did not change, positive problem solving, withdrawal, and compliance during conflict with best friends increased from age 12 to 16 years. Adolescents with different personality types differed in the mean levels of conflict frequency and conflict resolution strategies. That is, resilients had less conflict with friends than undercontrollers and overcontrollers. During conflict, resilients used the least hostile conflict resolution and compliance, and employed the most positive problem solving. Undercontrollers adopted the least positive problem solving, and overcontrollers complied and withdrew the most. Using a person-centred approach, three developmental conflict resolution types were identified based on different constellations of the four conflict resolution strategies over time. Adolescents with different personality types had different distributions on the conflict resolution types

Динаміка етнічного складу містечкового населення ХХ – початку ХХІ століття (на матеріалах Фастова)

Упродовж ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. етнічний склад Фастова, типового містечка українського Правобережжя, зазнав корінних змін. Євреї, які колись становили значний відсоток населення, на початок ХХІ ст. майже всі емігрували. Поляки асимілювалися українцями; разом з тим, враховуючи, що це були переважно нащадки сполонізованої української шляхти, відбулося в основному повернення їх до етнічності предків. У середині ХХ ст. в місті з’явилося багато росіян. Проте внаслідок пошлюблення їх з українцями та обирання дітьми від цих шлюбів після 1991 року української «національності» кількість росіян у Фастові дуже зменшилася. Українці перетворилися на стійку більшість.На протяжении ХХ – начала ХХІ в. этнический состав Фастова, типичного городка украинского Правобережья, подвергся коренным изменениям. Евреи, которые когда-то составляли значительную часть населения, к началу ХХI в. почти все эмигрируют. Поляки подвергаются ассимиляции со стороны украинцев; вместе с тем, учитывая, что это были преимущественно потомки ополяченной украинской шляхты, имело место, в основном, возвращение их к этничности предков. В середине ХХ в. в городе появляется значительное количество русских. Однако вследствие их браков с украинцами и выбора их детьми после 1991 года украинской «национальности» численность русских в Фастове очень сократилась. Украинцы стали стойким большинством.The ethnical composition of Fastiv, a typical Ukrainian Right-Bank Ukraine provincial town, has been subject to fundamental changes through the centuries. The H ebrews making firstly a considerable percent of Fastiv population have almost emigrated by the beginning of the XXIst century. The P oles have been assimilated by the Ukrainians. At the same time, taking into account that the latter were mainly P olonized Ukrainian noblemen’s descendants, there was chiefly their return to the antecedents’ ethnicity. A lot of the Russians has come to the town in the middle XXth century, however due to the marriages with the Ukrainians and their children’s identification with Ukrainian ethnicity after the 1991 events the Fastiv Russians’ amount greatly decreased and the Ukrainians became a proof majority

Обґрунтування – припущення

Romantic relationship formation and the engagement in sexual behaviors are normative and salient developmental tasks for adolescents and young adults. These developmental tasks are increasingly viewed from an ecological perspective, thus as strongly embedded in different social contexts. This volume brings together seven recent empirical studies that investigated different aspects of adolescents’ and young adults’ romantic relationships and sexuality, and the linkages with various characteristics of relations with parents, peers, and partners. These studies were conducted in six Western countries, including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and the USA. Three studies examined the formation of young people’s romantic relationships, and the other four studies focused on youth’s developing sexuality. Together, they employed a diverse range of state-of-the-art research methods, including online questionnaires, computer-assisted interviews, daily diary assessments, and observations of dyadic interactions. In the editorial chapter, these recent advances in empirical research are discussed and framed within two important changes in the theoretical perspectives on young people’s emerging romantic relationships and sexual activity: from risky behaviors to normative tasks, and from individual to contextualized processes. Throughout this volume, important directions for future research are suggested, specifically focusing on how to better incorporate the interrelational perspective into empirical research on these topics, and how to further bridge the gap between the research fields on romantic relationships and sexuality

Improving screening cut-off scores for DSM-5 Adolescent Anxiety Disorder Symptom Dimensions with the screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders.

Presently most adolescent anxiety disorder screening instruments make their determination of running a high risk for an anxiety disorder on the basis of a cut-off score measured by a single screening which can lead to false positives. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine whether a repeated administration of the SCARED screening instrument for DSM-5 anxiety disorder symptoms could help in the detection of true positives while also avoiding false positives. Participants were 923 early adolescents from the general community. The adolescents’ ages at the first annual screening ranged from 10 to 15 with an average of 12.5 years. In a prospective five-year longitudinal design, the adolescents completed the SCARED screening instrument for anxiety disorder symptoms on a yearly basis. To detect true positives and avoid false positives, the data were analyzed with Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) cut-off score analyses. ROC cut-off score analyses revealed that the sensitivity and specificity of high risk were greatly improved for repeated screenings above those of a single screening. The findings of this study demonstrate that a screening instrument (such as the SCARED) should be administered not just once but several times in order to better determine true positives and avoid false positives

Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related EmotionalDisorders (SCARED) in the general Italian adolescent population:A validation and a comparison between Italy and The Netherlands

In this study examination is given to the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in a large community sample of adolescents. Additionally, a comparison was made between the anxiety scores of this Italian adolescent cohort (N = 1975) and a comparative Dutch adolescent cohort (N = 1115). Findings revealed that a five-factor structure of the SCARED applied not only to the Italian adolescents from the general community, but also to boys and girls, and to early and middle adolescents. Moreover, sex and age differences on anxiety scores within the Italian sample were found to be consistent with previous studies of adolescent anxiety disorders. Finally, Italian adolescents reported higher anxiety scores than their Dutch peers. Findings of this study highlight that the SCARED is a valid screening instrument to rate anxiety symptoms of Italian adolescents

Childhood predictors and adult life success of adolescent delinquency abstainers

While much is known about adolescent delinquency, considerably less attention has been given to adolescent delinquency abstention. Understanding how or why some adolescents manage to abstain from delinquency during adolescence is informative for understanding and preventing adolescent (minor) delinquency. Using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (N = 411 males) to compare abstainers, self-report delinquents and convicted delinquents we found five childhood factors (ages 8-10) that predicted adolescent abstention (ages 10-18). First, we find that adolescent abstainers possess characteristics opposite to those of convicted delinquents (namely, abstainers are high on honesty, conformity and family income). However, we also found that abstainers also share some childhood characteristics with convicted delinquents (namely, low popularity and low school achievement). A latent class analysis indicated that the mixed factors predicting abstention can be accounted for by two groups of abstainers: an adaptive group characterized by high honesty, and a maladaptive group characterized by low popularity and low school achievement. Further, validation of these two types of abstainers using data collected at age 48 suggested that adaptive abstainers outperform all other adolescents in general life success, whereas maladaptive abstainers only fare better than delinquent adolescents in terms of lower substance use and delinquency later in life

Direct aggression and generalized anxiety in adolescence:Heterogeneity in development and intra-individual change

Co-occurrence of aggression and anxiety might change during adolescence, or stay stable. We studied change and stability of four types of co-occurrence regarding direct aggression and anxiety in adolescence: an anxious and non-aggressive type, an aggressive and non-anxious type, a comorbid aggressive-anxious type and a no problems type. We applied a person-centered approach to assess increases and decreases of these types, and tested various models of intra-individual change of the types: the stability, acting out and failure models. We used data from a five-wave study of 923 early-to-middle and 390 middle-to-late adolescents (48.5 % male), thereby covering the ages of 12–20. We observed accelerated development in the older cohort: adolescents tended to grow faster out of the aggressive types in middle-to-late adolescence than in early-to-middle adolescence. We observed one other group-dependent pattern of heterogeneity in development, namely “gender differentiation”: gender differences in aggression and generalized anxiety became stronger over time. We found support for two perspectives on intra-individual change of the four types, namely the stability and the acting out perspective. The no problems—and to a lesser extent the anxious—type proved to be stable across time. Acting out was found in early-to-middle adolescents, males, and adolescents with poorer-quality friendships. In all three groups, there were substantial transitions from the anxious type to the aggressive type during 4 years (between 20 and 41 %). Remarkably, acting out was most prevalent in subgroups that, generally speaking, are more vulnerable for aggressive behavior, namely early-to-middle adolescents and males. We interpret acting out as the attempt of adolescents to switch from anxiety to instrumental aggression, in order to become more visible and obtain an autonomous position in the adolescent world. Acting out contributed to the explanation of accelerated development and gender differentiation. We also observed an increase of adolescents with no problems. These findings highlight that the co-occurrence of aggression and anxiety changes considerably during adolescence, but also that the anxious and no problems types are quite stable in this period. Keywords: Direct aggression Generalized anxiety Adolescence Longitudinal researc