Digital notch filter

Filter determines whether time period of incoming signal matches time preset in filter. When signals do not match, high or low frequency deviation reading is displayed digitally

Fate of micronutrients and heavy metals in digestate processing using vibrating reversed osmosis as resource recovery technology

This study aims to evaluate the full-scale performance of vibrating membrane filtration (VSEP) technology in resource recovery from the liquid fraction of digestates, while reducing macronutrient concentrations down to dischargeable water. Although increasing attention is paid to mass flow assessment of macronutrients, to date little is known about the fate of micronutrients and heavy metals upon digestate processing. In this research, process streams were characterized and mass balances for micronutrients and heavy metals were performed throughout a complete digestate processing train. The VSEP system operated with reversed osmosis membranes and followed by a lagoon was capable of producing dischargeable water according to Flemish regulatory standards. Concentrates produced by one VSEP filtration of the liquid fraction of digestate and dried thick fractions resulting from solid-liquid separation were rich in macro- and micronutrients, while heavy metal concentrations did not exceed regulatory standards. Hence, these products showed high potential for reuse in agriculture

Photoelectron-induced waves: A likely source of 150 km radar echoes and enhanced electron modes

VHF radars near the geomagnetic equator receive coherent reflections from plasma density irregularities between 130 and 160 km in altitude during the daytime. Though researchers first discovered these 150 km echoes over 50 years ago and use them to monitor vertical plasma drifts, the underlying mechanism that creates them remains a mystery. This paper uses large‐scale kinetic simulations to show that photoelectrons can drive electron waves, which then enhance ion density irregularities that radars could observe as 150 km echoes. This model explains why 150 km echoes exist only during the day and why they appear at their lowest altitudes near noon. It predicts the spectral structure observed by Chau (2004) and suggests observations that can further evaluate this mechanism. It also shows the types and strength of electron modes that photoelectron‐wave interactions generate in a magnetized plasma.The authors would like to thank Juha Vierinen, David Hysell, Jorge Chau, and Roger Varney for their helpful discussions and suggestions. This material is based upon work supported by NASA under grant NNX14AI13G. This work used the XSEDE and TACC computational facilities, supported by National Science Foundation grant ACI-1053575. Simulation-produced data are archived at TACC and available upon request. (NNX14AI13G - NASA; ACI-1053575 - National Science Foundation

From film policy to creative screen policies : media convergence and film policy trends in Flanders

In recent years, digitization processes and media convergence trends have changed the film industry in various ways. Scholars have indicated various alterations in the aesthetics, production, distribution, exhibition and reception of films, thereby pointing at new technological possibilities and challenges, an increasing participatory cinema culture, changes in the broader creative and economic strategies of film and media companies and an overall convergence between film and other media. The expansion of film industry activities from film to various other media has a long history. Media convergence trends, however, have recently intensified this expansion. In a European context, the role of film policy is particularly relevant in this respect, as film policy forms a crucial cornerstone for the organization of European film industries. By focusing on recent developments in Flanders (the northern, Dutch-language region in Belgium), this case study examines how, in tune with digitization and media convergence processes, government film policy in Europe has increasingly expanded its scope. More specifically, we analyse how film policy has evolved from a focus on the production of films into a more complex set of policy measures towards ‘creative screen media’ production. With this case study, we want to argue that contemporary film policy should be seen within the broader media environment and media policies, which are characterized by the growth of a conceptual and practical convergence between various (old and new) media, information and communication technologies and creative arts. This transition process is not ‘new’ as such, but has remarkably intensified since the turn of the millennium. Indeed, the evolution from film policy to broader creative screens policies runs parallel with and is connected to a more general shift in government policy (in Flanders and elsewhere), from a ‘cultural’ to a ‘creative’ industries policy paradigm

Bollywood tracks towards and through the city: structural patterns of Hindi film culture in Antwerp (Belgium)

The globalisation of Hindi cinema is a topical issue in current media and film research. Whereas the majority of previous studies on Indian film in diaspora have been concerned with issues of audiences and text, this article concentrates on the structural patterns of Hindi film, specifically in the Belgian city of Antwerp. It is inspired by insights from political economy studies which acknowledge the balance of power and global dynamics from a local perspective. Using distribution and exhibition analyses based on interviews, surveys and archival research, this study examines Hindi cinema's tracks towards (selection and distribution) and through (promotion and exhibition) the city, mainly in multiplex theatres. These analyses adopt a historical approach and reconstruct how the exclusive film culture of one community has been transformed into a more elaborate commercial enterprise, revealing both continuity and change in power relations, public, urban and transnational spaces as well as audience management. This study demonstrates the dependency of a diasporic film culture on the greater context of global cinema history, and the way in which peripheral marketplaces such as Antwerp are becoming increasingly subject to transnational corporations and their strategies.status: publishe