Advisory Jurisdiction of the ICJ: The WHO Case: Implications for Specialized Agencies

The ICJ proceedings in the case concerning \u27legality of the use by a state of nuclear weapons in armed conflict\u27 are indicative of the sharp differences of view held by different states as to the proper role and function of international organizations. On the one hand there were some states, which proposed the view that organizations such as the WHO are established solely to fulfill those tasks which have been expressly spelled out in their constituent instruments, subject to construction of any implied powers which are absolutely necessary for achieving those objectives. In this context, and particularly with respect to the organizations of the United Nations system, reference was largely made to the origins of their creation and to \u27functionalist theory\u27. This approach stressed the need for an appropriate division of responsibilities between the United Nations organization, on the one hand, and the UN specialized agencies, on the other. It would leave powers of general scope to former and specialized sectoral powers to the latter. This view was supplemented by the belief that questions with strong political flavor should not be dealt with by the specialized agencies at all. The alternative view did not deny the need for an appropriate division of responsibilities among the various international organizations. Rather, it suggested that today\u27s issues are increasingly complex and will often cut across the institutional competencies envisaged in the 1940s and 1950s. According to this approach, international organizations can use different and often more wide-ranging tools and techniques to achieve their general objectives. This implies an expanded view of their roles and activities. The two approaches can be compared. The first takes a \u27restrictive approach\u27 to recourse to international law as an instrument of policy development. Some states considered that Article 2 of the WHO Constitution does not allow resort to the development of international law as a way to achieve WHO objectives. The International Court endorsed this view. The second approach indicates a more \u27purposive function\u27 when the organization becomes an actor in its own right, determining for itself the scope of its competence and the extent to which it may resort to tools, which have not been granted to it in express terms at its inception. In the case in question, in application of the principle of \u27specialty\u27, the Court declined to accede to the WHO request. Some of the international jurists consider this conclusion to be backward step in the development of the law of international organizations, while others consider that the Court acted correctly. Perhaps the ICJ\u27s rebuff to the WHO can be best understood in the context of the Court\u27s decision to accede to the request from the General Assembly. Since the General Assembly had submitted a similar request, the ICJ could reject the WHO request without losing an opportunity to address the substantive issue of the legality of nuclear weapons. In effect, this two-track request enabled the ICJ to be legally exact and politically pragmatic at the same time

A New Cryptographic Encryption Approach for Cloud Environment

Cloud security and trust management are an important issue in the cloud environment. Cloud computing is the result of the evolution of virtualization, service-oriented design, and the widespread adoption of involuntary and utility computing. Today, cloud computing is the fastest growing technical term and captures a global service-oriented market, so cloud computing service providers and cloud computing consumers need to maintain trust between them. In cloud security, if you discuss the security procedures of traditional IT information systems, designing security into cloud software during the software development life cycle can greatly reduce the cloud attack surface. With cloud computing providing Security as a Service (SAAS), security software is an important issue. From a cloud customer perspective, the use of security services in the cloud reduces the need for security software development. The requirements for security software development are transferred to the cloud provider. This work proposes a new cloud environment security and trust management algorithm, which uses the cryptosystem method to improve the single alphabet based on the concept of multi-letter cipher. Encryption and decryption is applied to plain text to encrypt text and cipher text for plain text conversion. In this work, the algorithm's power consumption, encryption and decryption throughput, and security analysis are also presented

CONCEPT OF AHARA (DIET) IN AYURVEDA: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Ahara is first among the three significant pillars of Ayurveda. It means that it is one of the fundamental principles ahead which gives health, happiness and harmony along with the nature. One should regularly take such substances which are conductive to the preservation of good health and are able of avoid the attacks of sickness. Such type of diet is called naturally healthy diet. Ayurveda is science of life. Main aim of Ayurveda is to maintain health of a person. Ahara plays importance role to achieve this target. In the modern times, the ways in which the food is prepared and presented have changed drastically. Because of the rapid swiftness of life style towards urbanization, one can have less access to fresh food. Today, the dependency on packaged and processed food has also increased exceptionally. It definitely has some destructive effect on both mental and physical well-being. Today Due to consumption of unwholesome diet society facing so many types of disease. Here the concept of Ahara according to Ayurveda is described.

Molecular Interaction Studies of Aqueous Acetonitrile Solutions Using Ultrasonic Technique

Density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity (u) of aqueous acetonitrile solutions were measured as functions of concentration at 308.15K. The measured data of ρ, η and u have been used to calculate various acoustical and thermodynamic parameters viz. adiabatic compressibility (β ad ), intermolecular free length (L f ), acoustic impedance (Z), relaxation time (τ), rao’s constant (R M ), wada’s constant (W), free volume (V f ), absorption coefficient (α/f 2 ), gibb’s free energy (∆G), relative association (R a ) and available volume (V a ). These parameters help out in elucidating the molecular association in the mixture. The variation of these parameters with concentration of solute indicates the nature of interaction present in the binary mixtur

A study of acoustical parameters of cupric oxide nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solutions of various glycols

In this study cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesised by precipitation method using                    cupric acetate dihydrate [Cu(CH3COO)2.2H2O] as a starting material. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These nanoparticles were dispersed in three different base fluids which were 10% aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG) and hexylene glycol (HG). Ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) of these nanofluids were measured at different concentrations of CuO nanoparticles as a function of temperatures (T = 303.15K, 308.15K and 313.15 K). Using these values various acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation time, acoustic impedence and attenuation coefficient were evaluated

Etiological and clinical features of pediatric hypertension in a tertiary hospital of Central India

Background: Hypertension (HTN) in children and adolescents seems to have increased in the past few decades. Although the prevalence of essential HTN has increased, secondary causes account for majority of childhood HTN. Essential HTN in childhood is a diagnosis arrived at by excluding the known causes of secondary HTN. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to study the etiology and clinical features of childhood HTN in admitted children. Materials and Methods: This observational prospective study was carried out at a tertiary care referral center of Central India. All children of 1–12 years of age admitted in hospital in the study period were screened for HTN. Those found to be hypertensive were studied for etiology and clinical features. Results: A total of 112 children were found to be hypertensive, 54 were in 1–6 years of age group and 58 were in 7–12 age group. Male-to-female ratio was 62:50, 95 had secondary HTN and no definitive cause of HTN could be found in 5% of patients. Mean blood pressure was 124/84. Majority (75%) of patients were in Stage II HTN, 25% of patients were in hypertensive crisis. About 69% had renal etiology, 25% central nervous system (CNS), 1% endocrine, and unidentified 5%. Conclusion: The most common etiology of hypertensive emergency is chronic kidney disease followed by acute glomerulonephritis

Ectopic intrathoracic kidney: A case report and literature review

SummaryIntrathoracic kidney is a rare congenital abnormality with the lowest frequency among all renal ectopias. We report the case of a 20-year-old asymptomatic female patient who came to our institution for an evaluation of an incidentally noted right lung base opacity on a plain chest radiograph. The subsequent computed tomographic scanning led to the diagnosis of thoracic renal ectopia. In this article, we discuss the relevant clinicoradiological findings along with a review of the literature

A comparative study of clinical and radiological outcome between cages and morselized bone graft in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery: a hospital-based study

Background: Degenerative spinal diseases resulting in neuropathic backache are managed by nerve root decompression with instrumented interbody fusion is the treatment of choice for these groups of patients when not managed conservatively.Methods: Hospital based, comparative, retrospective study was carried out in such patients who underwent transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with either cage with bone graft or stand-alone autologous morselized bone graft. The clinical and radiological outcomes were compared in these two methods of interbody fusion to assess any significant difference between them. A total of 20 patients with lumbar canal stenosis and degenerative grade 1/2 spondylolisthesis who failed conservative management were operated by TLIF approach and were evaluated for post-operative improvement in Oswestry disability index (ODI) and interbody fusion on imaging at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Vertebral level of surgical intervention, intra-operative blood loss and duration of surgery were recorded for each patient along with complications, if any.Results: In our study there was no significant difference in the clinical and radiological outcome between the two methods of interbody fusion. Although the group which was offered morselized bone graft with cage showed slightly better clinical outcome at 6 months of follow up, both showed no significant difference in ODI at 1 year of follow up.Conclusions: With this study, we can conclude that both the methods have similar clinical and radiological outcome with similar patient satisfaction and can be interchangeably employed for interbody fusion according to surgeon’s and patient’s preferences

SWINE FLU- THE CHANGING SCENARIO AND PREPAREDNESS WITH FORMULATION OF WIN FLU AIR FRESHENER GEL

Swine flu is an emerging viral infection that is a present global public health problem. There are many thousand cases of swine flu can be seen around the world in the present day. Due to the nature of a respiratory virus, the transmission of this pathogenic virus is airborne transmission. Hence, the rapid spreading and difficulty in control of this infection can be expected. Ayurved believes in Nidan parivarjan and recommends the strengthening of the immunity to prevent disease like swine flu from its attack. There are no any medicines or vaccination are available now a days for prevent from swine flu. Mask is an only available option from avoiding the virus, but sometimes it fails to stop the infection and peoples are unable to wearing mask for all time. So there is a need to develop such a thing which we can carry easily with us and protecting from the infection. Many environment purification techniques (like Homa, Yagya, Dhoopana) have been mentioned in our classical texts. Several scientific studies have validated the clinical efficacy of air freshener against the viral stains. Freshener is a household product that can release the chemicals they contain into the air and inhaled by consumers. The purpose of this research is to determine the ability of herbal essential oil to be formulated as a WIN FLU- air freshener gel with fragrance of citrus oil and binder of peppermint oil. Gel formulation in the study was made from a mixture of herbal essential oil (carom seed, Eucalyptus, Basil, Ginger, Clove), sodium benzoate, peppermint and citrus essential oil in distilled water with a variety of different concentrations of herbal essential oil at 1%, 2% and 3%, then performed an evaluation form hedonic test gel with 30 panelists, evaporation of a liquid test during 4 weeks of storage. The results of this study indicate that the best gel formula is the formula A3 with an herbal essential oil concentration of 3%. Results per cent of total evaporation of liquid air freshener gel formula are respectively 59.12%, 42.32%, 21.22%