Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)

BACKGROUND: Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control. METHODS: Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease. INTERPRETATION: International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems

The influence of two different dental local anaesthetic solutions on the haemodynamic responses of children undergoing restorative dentistry: a randomised, single-blind, split-mouth study

OBJECTIVES: This investigation was designed to study the haemodynamic effects of two different local anaesthetic solutions during restorative dental treatment in children. DESIGN: A randomised, single-blind, split-mouth cross-over design was employed using children undergoing bilaterally similar restorative treatments over two visits. SETTING: The study was performed in a dental hospital paediatric dentistry department. METHODS: Ten children participated. At one visit the local anaesthetic was 2% lidocaine (lignocaine) with 1:80,000 epinephrine (adrenaline); at the other the anaesthetic was 3% prilocaine with 0.03IU/ml felypressin. Local anaesthetic was administered at a dose of 0.5 ml/10 kg body weight. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and during treatment with an automatic blood pressure recorder. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Student's paired t test. RESULTS: Significant differences between treatments in diastolic blood pressure (F = 2.37; P = 0.05) and heart rate (F = 2.98; P lt 0.02) were noted. The heart rate increased ten minutes following the injection of the epinephrine-containing solution. The diastolic blood pressure fell 20 minutes after injection of lidocaine with epinephrine. CONCLUSION: The choice of local anaesthetic solution influences the haemodynamic response during restorative treatment in childre

The role of magnets in the management of unerupted teeth in children and adolescents

This case report describes the use of magnets in the management of teeth that fail to erupt. Eight children aged between 10 and 15 years were treated. Magnetic traction was applied to two premolars and six molars. Seven teeth (one premolar and six molars) erupted successfully (mean treatment time with magnetic traction: 7·5 months). One premolar failed to erupt; serial radiographic assessment over a 9-month period revealed no evidence of movement and so the magnetic fixture was removed. Histological evaluation of tissue samples taken from around the fixture revealed no evidence of abnormal pathology

Antimicrobial Resistance Of Staphylococcus Aureus And Oral Streptococci Strains From High-risk Endocarditis Patients

This study sought to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylcoccus aureus and viridans group streptococci strains collected from the forearm skin and saliva of 30 patients at high risk of endocarditis. Agar susceptibility tests of antibiotics routinely utilized in dentistry were used to verify antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains. Of the Staphylcoccus aureus strains, 50% were resistant to ampicillin, 53.3% to amoxicillin, 60.0% to penicillin G, 13.3% to amoxicillin/clavulanate, 20.0% to azithromycin, 27.6% to clarithromycin, 23.3% to erythromycin, 3.3% to cefazolin, and 6.7% to clindamycin. Regarding streptococci, 16.7% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, 16.7% to amoxicillin, 23.3% to azithromycin, 23.3% to clarithromycin, 30.0% to erythromycin, 13.3% to cefazolin, 26.7% to clindamycin, 16.7% to penicillin G, and 3.3% to amoxicillin/clavulanate. Pathogens associated with bacterial endocarditis exhibited elevated resistance rates against the antibiotics used for prophylaxis in dentistry.536410413Benn, M., Hagelskjaer, L.H., Tvede, M., Infective endocarditis, 1984 through 1993: A clinical and microbiological survey (1997) J Intern Med, 242, pp. 15-22Mansur, A.J., Grinberg, M., Gallucci, S.D., Bellotti, G., Jatene, A., Pileggi, F., Infective endocarditis: Analysis of 300 episodes (1990) Arq Bras Cardiol, 54, pp. 13-21Ruiz Jr., E., Schirmbeck, T., Figueiredo, L.T., A study of infectious endocarditis in Ribeirao Preto, SP-Brazil. Analysis of cases occurring between 1992 and 1997 (2000) Arq Bras Cardiol, 74, pp. 225-231Dajani, A.S., Taubert, K.A., Wilson, W., Bolger, A.F., Bayer, A., Ferrieri, P., Gewitz, M.H., Zuccaro Jr., G., Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association (1997) Circulation, 96, pp. 358-366Moreillon, P., Que, Y.A., Infective endocarditis (2004) Lancet, 363, pp. 139-149Hogevik, H., Olaison, L., Andersson, R., Lindberg, J., Alestig, K., Epidemiologic aspects of infective endocarditis in an urban population. A 5-year prospective study (1995) Medicine, 74, pp. 324-339. , BaltimoreSandre, R.M., Shafran, S.D., Infective endocarditis: Review of 135 cases over 9 years (1996) Clin Infect Dis, 22, pp. 276-286McCartney, A.C., Changing trends in infective endocarditis (1992) J Clin Pathol, 45, pp. 945-948Carmona, I.T., Diz Dios, P., Scully, C., An update on the controversies in bacterial endocarditis of oral origin (2002) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 93, pp. 660-670Eykyn, S.J., The treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis (1987) J Antimicrob Chemother, 20 (SUPPL. A), pp. 161-171Petti, C.A., Fowler Jr., V.G., Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis (2002) Infect Dis Clin North Am, 16, pp. 413-435Roman, R.S., Smith, J., Walker, M., Byrne, S., Ramotar, K., Dyck, B., Kabani, A., Nicolle, L.E., Rapid geographic spread of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (1997) Clin Infect Dis, 25, pp. 698-705Farias, W.V., Sader, H.S., Lerne, I.L., Pignatari, A.C., Sensitivity pattern of 117 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from 12 hospitals (1997) Rev Assoc Med Bras, 43, pp. 199-204Perl, T.M., Golub, J.E., New approaches to reduce Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infection rates: Treating S. aureus nasal carriage (1998) Ann Pharmacother, 32, pp. S7-S16Herzberg, M.C., Meyer, M.W., Effects of oral flora on platelets: Possible consequences in cardiovascular disease (1996) J Periodontol, 67, pp. 1138-1142Baquero, F., Gram-positive resistance: Challenge for the development of new antibiotics (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother, 39 (SUPPL. A), pp. 1-6Martinez, F., Martin-Luengo, F., Garcia, A., Valdes, M., Treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus sanguis with different doses of teicoplanin (1994) Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 16, pp. 247-251Doern, G.V., Ferraro, M.J., Brueggemann, A.B., Ruoff, K.L., Emergence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance among viridans group streptococci in the United States (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40, pp. 891-894Levy, C.S., Kogulan, P., Gill, V.J., Croxton, M.B., Kane, J.G., Lucey, D.R., Endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant viridans streptococci: 2 Cases and controversies in therapy (2001) Clin Infect Dis, 33, pp. 577-579Hall, G.E., Baddour, L.M., Apparent failure of endocarditis prophylaxis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus mitis (2002) Am J Med Sci, 324, pp. 51-53Koneman, E.W., Allen, S.D., Janda, W.M., Schreckenberger, P.C., Winn, W.C., (1994) Introduction to Diagnostic Microbiology, Ed. 1, pp. 187-216. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins(2002) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 22, pp. 50-69. , Document M100-S12Hoen, B., Platelets and platelet inhibitors in infective endocarditis (2002) Curr Infect Dis Rep, 4, pp. 299-303Tak, T., Reed, K.D., Haselby, R.C., McCauley Jr., C.S., Shukla, S.K., An update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of infective endocarditis with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus (2002) WMJ, 101, pp. 24-33Moore, P.A., Dental therapeutic indications for the newer long-acting macrolide antibiotics (1999) J Am Dent Assoc, 130, pp. 1341-1343Kohli, V., Infective endocarditis (2002) Indian J Pediatr, 69, pp. 333-339Scavizzi, M.R., Labia, R., Petitjean, O.J., Elbhar, A., Antimicrobial susceptibility test: From bacterial population analysis to therapy (2002) Int J Antimicrob Agents, 19, pp. 9-20Felten, A., Grandry, B., Lagrange, P.H., Casin, I., Evaluation of three techniques for detection of low-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A disk diffusion method with cefoxitin and moxalactam, the Vitek 2 system, and the MRSA-screen latex agglutination test (2002) J Clin Microbiol, 40, pp. 2766-2771Grignon, B., Tankovic, J., Megraud, F., Glupczynski, Y., Husson, M.O., Conroy, M.C., Emond, J.P., Fauchere, J.L., Validation of diffusion methods for macrolide susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori (2002) Microb Drug Resist, 8, pp. 61-66Chang, S.C., Hsieh, W.C., Liu, C.Y., High prevalence of antibiotic resistance of common pathogenic bacteria in Taiwan (2000) Diag Microbiol Infect Dis, 36, pp. 107-112. , The Antibiotic Resistance Study Group of the Infectious Disease Society of the Republic of ChinaSandor, G.K., Carmichael, R.P., Vasilakos, J.S., Revised American Heart Association guidelines for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis: Highlights of specific changes for the dental profession (1998) J Can Dent Assoc, 64, pp. 114-117Creighton, J.M., Dental care for the pediatric cardiac patient (1992) J Can Dent Assoc, 58, pp. 201-202Steckelberg, J.M., Melton III, L.J., Ilstrup, D.M., Rouse, M.S., Wilson, W.R., Influence of referral bias on the apparent clinical spectrum of infective endocarditis (1990) Am J Med, 88, pp. 582-588Jacobson, J.J., Patel, B., Asher, G., Woolliscroft, J.O., Schaberg, D., Oral staphylococcus in older subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (1997) J Am Geriatr Soc, 45, pp. 590-593Alcaide, F., Linares, J., Pallares, R., Carratala, J., Benitez, M.A., Gudiol, F., Martin, R., In vitro activities of 22 beta-lactam antibiotics against penicillin-resistant and penicillin-susceptible viridans group streptococci isolated from blood (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 39, pp. 2243-2247Teng, L.J., Hsueh, P.R., Chen, Y.C., Ho, S.W., Luh, K.T., Antimicrobial susceptibility of viridans group streptococci in Taiwan with an emphasis on the high rates of resistance to penicillin and macrolides in Streptococcus oralis (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother, 41, pp. 621-627Chayakul, P., Hortiwakul, R., Yipintsoi, T., Ingviya, N., Viridans streptococci in the oral flora of the patients at risk for infective endocarditis: Species and penicillin susceptibilities (2002) J Med Assoc Thai, 85, pp. 825-830Monroe, S., Polk, R., Antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance (2000) Curr Opin Microbiol, 3, pp. 496-501Seymour, R.A., Whitworth, J.W., Antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis, prosthetic joints, and surgery (2002) Dent Clin North Am, 46, pp. 635-65