Cytokine Level Changes in Schizophrenia Patients with and without Metabolic Syndrome Treated with Atypical Antipsychotics

The present study aims at comparing the change in cytokine levels in schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotics, with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). The study included 101 patients with schizophrenia, 38 with and 63 without MetS, who received risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine or aripiprazole for six weeks. We analyzed the concentration of 21 cytokines in the serum patients. The treatment with atypical antipsychotics changed some proinflammatory cytokine levels. It led to increased IFN-alpha 2 (p = 0.010), IL-1 alpha (p = 0.024) and IL-7 (p = 0.017) levels in patients with MetS, whereas the same treatment led to decreased levels of IFN-gamma (p = 0.011), IL-1 beta (p = 0.035), IL-12p40 (p = 0.011), IL-17A (p = 0.031), IL-6 (p = 0.043) and TNF-alpha (p = 0.012) in individuals without MetS. Our results demonstrated the effects of atypical antipsychotics on the immune-inflammatory parameters, depending on the metabolic disturbances in schizophrenia patients

Body Fat Parameters, Glucose and Lipid Profiles, and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Schizophrenia Patients with or without Metabolic Syndrome

In this study, we aim to investigate associations between body fat parameters, glucose and lipid profiles, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid hormones (THs) levels in Tomsk-region schizophrenia patients depending upon the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). A total of 156 psychiatric inpatients with schizophrenia who had been treated with antipsychotics for at least six months before entry were studied: 56 with and 100 without MetS. Reference groups consisted of general hospital inpatients with MetS and without schizophrenia (n = 35) and healthy individuals (n = 35). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, chi-square test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, multiple regression analyses, and descriptive statistics. Patients with schizophrenia and MetS had significantly higher levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4) compared to schizophrenia patients without MetS (3.68 [3.25; 5.50] vs. 3.24 [2.81; 3.66], p = 0.0001, and 12.68 [10.73; 15.54] vs. 10.81 [9.76; 12.3], p = 0.0001, in pmol/L, respectively). FT3 maintained an association with MetS (p = 0.0001), sex (p = 0.0001), age (p = 0.022), and high-density lipoproteins (p = 0.033). FT4 maintained an association with MetS (p = 0.0001), sex (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.014), and glucose (p = 0.009). The data obtained showed body fat parameters, glucose and lipid profiles, and THs levels in Western-Siberian schizophrenia patients depending on MetS presence or absence

Comparative Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in Patients With Schizophrenia in Three Western Siberia Psychiatric Hospitals

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of MetS and the associated sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacotherapeutic characteristics of patients with schizophrenia in three psychiatric hospitals in the West Siberian region. Methods: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD-10: F20) and an age between 18 and 60 years were included in the study after giving informed consent. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. This research was carried out at three Western Siberian psychiatric hospitals in Kemerovo, Tomsk, and Omsk. The study population included respectively 94, 131, and 91 inpatients with schizophrenia. We carried out schizophrenia symptoms assessment by PANSS, antipsychotic therapy evaluation, anthropometry, and biochemical analysis. Statistical Analysis included the Shapiro–Wilk test, non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis H-test for independent samples, Mann–Whitney U-test for independent samples, the chi-square test, stepwise multiple regression analyses. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Results: The metabolic syndrome prevalence was higher among patients in Tomsk (36.6%), compared with Kemerovo (20.2%, p = 0.008) or Omsk (18.7%, p = 0.004), mainly due to the high prevalence of abdominal obesity, while men from Tomsk were more susceptible to this condition than men from other regions (p < 0.05). Patients from Omsk had the highest severity schizophrenia symptoms according to PANSS, and patients from Tomsk had the lowest severity of positive symptoms according to PANSS. Patients from Tomsk had the minimum duration of antipsychotic therapy compared with the patient from Kemerovo (p = 0.017) and from Omsk (p = 0.000019), but most patients from Tomsk received second-generation atypical antipsychotics, while patients from Omsk received mainly conventional antipsychotics (p = 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis showed that metabolic syndrome associated with schizophrenia duration and body mass index, although the association was not so strong (adjusted R(2) = 0.2435, p < 0.0001). Discussion: The study illustrates that in different psychiatric hospitals within the same region, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia can vary significantly, which dictates the need to look for opportunities to minimize the risk of its occurrence, taking into account the experience of each hospital

Аминокислоты и ацилкарнитины как потенциальные метаболомные маркеры шизофрении: новые подходы к диагностике и терапии

Background. Schizophrenia is a socially significant mental illness with insufficiently studied etiology and pathogenesis. A number of hypotheses of schizophrenia pathogenesis (dopamine, glutamate, kinurenin and serotonin hypotheses) bring together the fact that amino acids are precursors or intermediate metabolic products of these metabolites. Amino acids and their metabolites play an important role as significant substrates and regulators in many metabolic pathways.The aim of this review is to analyze the literature data on the studies of amino acids and acylcarnitines in patients with schizophrenia.Methods. A literature search was conducted using PubMed databases for articles published in English and covering the period from the first articles on this topic, dated 1977 to April 2019. Combinations of the following keywords were used to search for “schizophrenia”, “antipsychotics” and “amino acids”, “acylcarnitines”, “metabolomics”.Results. The review summarizes the data on the content of amino acids and acylcarnitines in the peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients and their dynamics in the course of pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic drugs. The potential of determining amino acids as biomarkers of therapeutic response and side effects, as well as their use in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, are considered.Conclusion. Further investigation of the spectrum of amino acids and their metabolites with the using of mass spectrometric methods of metabolic analysis can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and strategies, assess their role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, identify mechanisms that ensure the development of antipsychotic antipsychotics, and drug-induced side effects antipsychotics, in particular, metabolic syndrome. Введение. Шизофрения относится к социально значимым психическим заболеваниям с недостаточно изученной этиологией и патогенезом. Целый ряд гипотез патогенеза шизофрении (дофаминовую, глутаматную, кинуреновую и серотониновую) объединяет то, что предшественниками или промежуточными продуктами обмена этих метаболитов являются аминокислоты. Аминокислоты и их метаболиты играют важную роль в качестве основных субстратов и регуляторов во многих метаболических путях.Цель – анализ литературных данных об исследованиях аминокислот и ацилкарнитинов у больных шизофренией.Методы. Литературный поиск был проведен с использованием базы данных PubMed для статей, опубликованных на английском языке по данной тематике в период с 1977 по апрель 2019 г. Были применены комбинации следующих ключевых слов для поиска: «шизофрения», «антипсихотики» и«аминокислоты», «ацилкарнитины», «метаболомика».Результаты. В обзоре обобщены данные о содержании аминокислот и ацилкарнитинов в периферической крови больных шизофренией и их динамика в процессе фармакотерапии антипсихотическими препаратами. Рассмотрены потенциальные возможности определения аминокислот в качестве биомаркеров терапевтического ответа и побочных эффектов, а также их применение в комплексной терапии больных шизофренией.Заключение. Дальнейшее исследование спектра аминокислот и их метаболитов с помощью современных масс-спектрометрических методов метаболомного анализа может привести к открытию новых терапевтических мишеней и стратегий; позволит оценить их роль в патофизиологии шизофрении, выявить механизмы, обеспечивающие как развитие антипсихотического эффекта нейролептиков, так и лекарственно-индуцированных побочных эффектов антипсихотиков, в частности метаболического синдрома

Relevant issues of diagnosis and treatment of intestinal dysbiosis

This article is devoted to physiology and function of normal intestinal microflora; etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms and approaches to treatment of intestinal dysbiosis

Amino acids and acylcarnitines as potential metabolomic markers of schizophrenia: new approaches to diagnostics and therapy

Background. Schizophrenia is a socially significant mental illness with insufficiently studied etiology and pathogenesis. A number of hypotheses of schizophrenia pathogenesis (dopamine, glutamate, kinurenin and serotonin hypotheses) bring together the fact that amino acids are precursors or intermediate metabolic products of these metabolites. Amino acids and their metabolites play an important role as significant substrates and regulators in many metabolic pathways.The aim of this review is to analyze the literature data on the studies of amino acids and acylcarnitines in patients with schizophrenia.Methods. A literature search was conducted using PubMed databases for articles published in English and covering the period from the first articles on this topic, dated 1977 to April 2019. Combinations of the following keywords were used to search for “schizophrenia”, “antipsychotics” and “amino acids”, “acylcarnitines”, “metabolomics”.Results. The review summarizes the data on the content of amino acids and acylcarnitines in the peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients and their dynamics in the course of pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic drugs. The potential of determining amino acids as biomarkers of therapeutic response and side effects, as well as their use in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, are considered.Conclusion. Further investigation of the spectrum of amino acids and their metabolites with the using of mass spectrometric methods of metabolic analysis can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and strategies, assess their role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, identify mechanisms that ensure the development of antipsychotic antipsychotics, and drug-induced side effects antipsychotics, in particular, metabolic syndrome

Sensing materials with a concurrent sensitivity: Design, synthesis and application in multisensory systems

A series of novel sensing materials with concurrent sensitivity, namely the porphyrins [free-base, Mn(III) and Fe(III) complexes], functionalized with crown-ether or aza-crown (cyclam) pendant groups, were synthesized and tested as ionophores for polymeric membrane electrodes. Several aspects were studied in order to evaluate the functionality and the desired sensitivity of resulting crown-porphyrins hyphenated ionophores, among them the nature and the size of crown fragment cavity, the length of the alkyl pendant incorporating the crown-ether unit, the presence and the nature of central metal ion both in porphyrin and crown macrocycles. © 2011 American Institute of Physics