The Relation Between Rough Sets And Fuzzy Sets Via Topological Spaces

Abstract: Theories of rough sets and fuzzy sets are related and complementary methodologies to handle uncertainty of vagueness and coarseness, respectively. They are generalizations of classical set theory for modeling vagueness and uncertainty. A fundamental question concerning both theories is their connections and differences. There have been many studies on this topic. Topology is a branch of mathematics, whose ideas exist not only in almost all branches of mathematics but also in many real life applications. The topological structure on an abstract set is used as the base, which used to extract knowledge from data. In this paper: topological structure is used to study the relation between rough sets and fuzzy sets. Membership function is used to convert from rough set to fuzzy set and vice versa. This conversion will achieve the advantages of two theories. Some examples and theories are introduced to indicate the importance of using general binary relations in the construction of rough set concepts, and indicate the relation between rough sets and fuzzy sets according to the topological spaces

Artificial Neural Network: A tool for Rapid Quantitative Elemental Analysis Using Neutron Activation Analysis

ABSTRACT: An artificial neural network (ANN) has been trained with real-sample NAA (neutron activation analysis) spectra of irradiated materials. Following the training stage ANN was applied to a subset of similar samples thus obtaining the elemental concentrations by NAA method. Results obtained with the ANN method are in good agreement with results obtained from NAA techniques, showing the high potentiality of ANN in NAA quantitative analyses. KEYWORDS: Artificial Neural Network, Neutron. I.INTRODUCTION Developments from artificial intelligence like artificialneural networks, ANN, can be regarded as an engineeringprocedure emulating the human brain activity. It can bedefined as a set of non-linear and non-stationary interconnectionof elemental processes able to carry out at least oneof the following functions: training, remembrance and generalization,or, abstraction of substantial properties. Thefundamentals of the ANN technique have been described elsewhere[1-2] and several commercial and free codes area accessible nowadays.Applications of ANN to atomic and nuclear physics hasincreased during the last two decades Application of ANN is found in several issues where similar patterns have been represented by many spectra with specific differences. A typical case is presented in the elemental analysis of samples of unknown composition by neutron activation analysis (NAA) technique. The corresponding spectra represent the peaks containing known energy with variable intensities holding necessary information for the evaluation of the primary concentrations present in each sample. NAAis a nuclear technique based on the detection of -rays emitted by radionuclides neutrons The purpose of this work has been to take advantage ofthe non-linear properties and the neural network ability tolearn and generalize together with its fast response. Samplesof cement were irradiated with neutrons to determinethei

Multiple Endodontic Guides for Root Canal Localization and Preparation in Furcation Perforations: A Report of Two Cases

Perforations are managed by surgical or nonsurgical approach depending on the relationship of the perforation site to the crestal bone level and attachment apparatus. Relocating the canal orifice or root canal close to the perforation site is quite challenging even with the aid of a dental operating microscope. In these two case reports, guided endodontics was applied in root canal localization and preparation in cases of furcation perforations. This is the report of two patients (42 and 15-year-old, respectively) who were referred for root canal treatment of the mandibular right first molar. The first case complained of pain on biting, foul odor, and bad taste. The referring dentist noted a furcation perforation and an inability to locate the mesial canals. Radiographic examination showed furcation radiolucency. Definitive diagnosis was symptomatic apical periodontitis. The second case complained of severe throbbing pain along with pain on biting. Mesial canals could not be detected due to a furcation perforation as noted by the referring dentist. Radiographic examination revealed a large furcation perforation and related bone resorption. Definitive diagnosis was acute apical abscess. In each case, a silicone impression of the mandibular arch was obtained and scanned along with cone-beam computed tomography scan to plan for localization and preparation of the mesiobuccal canals using implant planning software. Multiple guides were fabricated through rapid prototyping and allowed for the correct orientation and insertion of endodontic files through the canal. Canals were prepared and then obturated using warm vertical compaction technique and the perforation were repaired by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Six-month and one-year follow-ups revealed no symptoms and evidence of radiographic healing. Thus, multiple endodontic three-dimensional guides can be successful in root canal localization and preparation in cases of furcation perforations

Analysis of genetic diversity within and among four rabbit genotypes using biochemical and molecular genetic markers

Genetic variations were detected in four different rabbit genotypes; Animal Production Research Institute (APRI) line, New-Zealand White (NZW), Baladi Black (BB) and Gabali (GAB) breeds. Ten individuals from the first three genotypes and seven individuals from GAB, were blood sampled. Isozymes (esterase and peroxidase) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-protein markers were used to detect the genetic variations within these genotypes, whereas the random amplified polymorphic DNApolymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis using six random arbitrary primers were employed to assess the genetic variations and phylogenetic relationships among the four genotypes. The results show a variation in biochemical activity levels since, esterase profiles showed higher percentage of polymorphism (67.21%) than peroxidase (34.78%) and SDS-protein profiles (39.11 %). Moreover, the mean of the genetic similarity within the genotypes based on overall biochemical markers were 0.81 (APRI), 0.91 (NZW), 0.89 (BB) and 0.86 (GAB), which indicates high homogeneity within each of the four genotypes. The polymorphism percentage based on overall RAPD primers was 35.44% among these genotypes, which presents a kind of genetic diversity. From the dendrogram tree, the genotypes BB and GAB appeared to be closely related, while the APRI genotype was the most different.Keywords: Rabbits, genetic diversity, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE), isozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(20), pp. 2830-283

Operation of Energy Efficient Residential Buildings Under Indoor Environmental Quality Requirements

This paper is devoted to the influence of Indoor Environmental Quality, [IEQ] requirements associated with occupation regimes on the criterion of energy demand s for HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning) central systems that were constructed for student hostels as a residential building in Cairo, Egypt. The paper focuses on the effects of occupation rate profiles with IEQ thermal parameters; (those are air dry-bulb temperatures, relative humidity, fresh air requirements, and local air velocities), on yearly energy demands. It is applied on, in-service, real project as a case study "10-Stories Hostel of 6000 m2 built-up area" that is utilized by Non-Local students as a transferred Egyptian citizens [ EC ] from different governorates. It was concluded that. during energy simulation, occupation rate schedules and operation profiles for each source of heat inside space shall simulate the reality. These profiles and schedules should be added to the local energy code as a guideline for designers. Although in this case study results from simulation task reach the real bills, but sometimes, with multi-use apartments there is another required schedule for the Pre-Action days. Those days before holidays and feasts on which the air conditioning system shall operate in a certain procedure for cleaning or scavenging. Another important issue is the effect of Effective Temperatures [ET] (Temperature for constant thermal sensations) that could implement to reduce the cooling capacity by increasing the room temperature against indoor relative humidity for the same comfort sensation. These two concepts will save 17% to 22% of the project total energy demand, In addition to introducing new design criteria for acceptable indoor conditions in the new rural developed zones in Egypt and similar regions

Management of fetal malposition in the second stage of labor: a propensity score analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the factors associated with selection of rotational instrumental vs cesarean delivery to manage persistent fetal malposition, and to assess differences in adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes following delivery by rotational instruments vs cesarean delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study over a 5-year period in a tertiary United Kingdom obstetrics center. In all, 868 women with vertex-presenting, single, liveborn infants at term with persistent malposition in the second stage of labor were included. Propensity score stratification was used to control for selection bias: the possibility that obstetricians may systematically select more difficult cases for cesarean delivery. Linear and logistic regression models were used to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes for delivery by rotational forceps or ventouse vs cesarean delivery, adjusting for propensity scores. RESULTS: Increased likelihood of rotational instrumental delivery was associated with lower maternal age (odds ratio [OR], 0.95; P < .01), lower body mass index (OR, 0.94; P < .001), lower birthweight (OR, 0.95; P < .01), no evidence of fetal compromise at the time of delivery (OR, 0.31; P < .001), delivery during the daytime (OR, 1.45; P < .05), and delivery by a more experienced obstetrician (OR, 7.21; P < .001). Following propensity score stratification, there was no difference by delivery method in the rates of delayed neonatal respiration, reported critical incidents, or low fetal arterial pH. Maternal blood loss was higher in the cesarean group (295.8 ± 48 mL, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Rotational instrumental delivery is often regarded as unsafe. However, we find that neonatal outcomes are no worse once selection bias is accounted for, and that the likelihood of severe obstetric hemorrhage is reduced. More widespread training of obstetricians in rotational instrumental delivery should be considered, particularly in light of rising cesarean delivery rates.During data analysis, A.R.A. was supported by an NICHD Predoctoral Fellowship under grant number F31HD079182 and by grant R24HD042849, awarded to the Population Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin. She is currently supported by grant R24HD047879 for Population Research at Princeton University. J.G.S. is partially funded by a CAREER grant from the National Science Foundation (DMS-1255187).This is the accepted version. It will be embargoed until 12 months after the final version is published by Elsevier. The final version is available from Elsevier at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000293781401078

Experimental Investigation on Spray Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel/Diesel Blends at Different Injection Parameters

Biodiesel is a promising alternative solution for the energy crisis, as it is renewable, biodegradable, non - toxic and it has a fully competitive edge with petrol diesel in most technical aspects. Because of the increasing global request for diesel fuel consumption, consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels, exhaust emissions, all these led to search about alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the potential alternatives for depleting fossil fuels. Biodiesel fuel is an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. Biodiesel fuel is an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. Biodiesel is one of the best solutions and alternatives available to all countries of the world. Inedible plants and vegetable oils such as Jatropha oil, Karanji Pongamia oil, Neem oil, Jojoba oil, Cottonseed oil, Linseed oil, Mahua oil, Deccan hemp oil, Kusum oil, Orange oil, and Rubber seed oil were used as biodiesel in diesel engine. Biodiesel is produced by chemical methods from vegetable oils, but the use of vegetable oils is a high cost.Scientists searched for other sources and at the same time has a low cost. They found that waste cooking oil is the ideal solution to that problem. Four methods to minimize the high viscosity of vegetable oils to enable their use in common diesel engines without operational problems such as engine charges have been investigated: blending with petro diesel, pyrolysis, microemulsification (solvent blending), and transesterification. Transesterification is by far the most common method. Only the transesterification reaction leads to the products commonly known as biodiesel, i.e., alkyl esters of oils and fats. Biodiesel was produced from waste Cooking-oil by transesterification process have been applied for most countries to improve and raise the national energy return. Blends of WCOB and diesel were used instead of pure diesel fuel in diesel engine. However, the spray characteristic of the injected fuel depends on different parameters such as fuel injection pressure, the temperature of the injected fuel, ambient pressure, fuel viscosity, and fuel density.In internal combustion engines, such as the diesel engine used to conduct the experiment, a 20 mm window and a transparent glass box are used to facilitate the visualization of spray characteristics. The spray characteristics of the diesel/ waste cooking oil biodiesel blends fuel were studied experimentally at different injection pressure and temperature. Spray characteristics of biodiesel WCOB / diesel under various injection pressures of 150 to 300 bar and injection temperature of 25 to 275 ºC have been measured and illustrated by sparing the fuel blends in a surrounding area using a high-speed Digital camera. In this work, the biodiesel/diesel blend of B40D60 has been tested. The experimental data shows the WCOB biodiesel of B40D60 gives longer spray tip penetration and spray angle are smaller than those of diesel fuels at different pressure and temperature

THE IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF IL-22 VERSUS PRAZIQUANTEL TREATMENT AGAINST S.MANSONI –INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS IN MICE

Background/Aim:Praziquantel (PZQ), the primary medication for schistosomiasis treatment, exhibits a potential resistance by the parasite. Therefore, the development of a new effective treatment is obligated. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been reported to have a hepatoprotective effect. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of IL-22 treatment versus PZQ against S. mansoni - induced liver fibrosis in mice. Materials and Methods: Forty male albino mice were divided into control, infected, IL-22 (0.36 µg/kg), &nbsp;and PZQ (a single dose of 600 mg/kg) groups. PZQ was administered alone or in combination with IL-22. Inflammatory indicators [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-22, and immunoglobulin E (IgE)], hepatic expressions of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), β-catenin, and miR let-7a gene expressions, and liver granuloma index (GI) were estimated. Results:The present result revealed a significant (P &lt;0.05) reduction in liver GI and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, after the treatment with IL-22. Moreover, the treatment enhanced significantly (P &lt;0.05) let-7a miRNA and STAT3 gene expressions as well as downregulated (P &lt;0.05) β-catenin mRNA, which in turn could reduce fibrosis resulting from S. mansoni infection. On the other hand, PZQ treatment alone or in combination with IL-22 reduced significantly (P &lt;0.05) proinflammatory cytokines and IgE but failed to decrease GI or β-catenin gene expression, which might cause a negative impact on liver fibrosis.&nbsp; Conclusion:IL-22 could be a potential immunotherapeutic agent for S.mansoni-induced liver fibrosis, compared to PZQ, through activating STAT3 and let-7a downstream signalling pathways and inhibiting β-catenin pathway

Extraction and characterization of Nanocellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste

This study aimed to characterize nanocellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by acid hydrolysis 60% (w/w) H2SO4 at 45 â—¦C. The effect of hydrolysis time (20, 30 and 40 min) on the structure and properties of the nanofibers was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the hemicellulose and lignin were removed extensively in the cellulose whiskers. The morphology and dimensions of the fibers and acid-released cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that SCB could be used as source to obtain cellulose whiskers and they had needle-like structures. Longer hydrolysis time produced a lower yield of nanofibers; whereas the degree of crystallinity increased from 38.22% to 65.37% with increasing hydrolysis time due to removal of amorphous cellulose