AnoMalNet: Outlier Detection based Malaria Cell Image Classification Method Leveraging Deep Autoencoder

Class imbalance is a pervasive issue in the field of disease classification from medical images. It is necessary to balance out the class distribution while training a model for decent results. However, in the case of rare medical diseases, images from affected patients are much harder to come by compared to images from non-affected patients, resulting in unwanted class imbalance. Various processes of tackling class imbalance issues have been explored so far, each having its fair share of drawbacks. In this research, we propose an outlier detection based binary medical image classification technique which can handle even the most extreme case of class imbalance. We have utilized a dataset of malaria parasitized and uninfected cells. An autoencoder model titled AnoMalNet is trained with only the uninfected cell images at the beginning and then used to classify both the affected and non-affected cell images by thresholding a loss value. We have achieved an accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score of 98.49%, 97.07%, 100%, and 98.52% respectively, performing better than large deep learning models and other published works. As our proposed approach can provide competitive results without needing the disease-positive samples during training, it should prove to be useful in binary disease classification on imbalanced datasets

SURVIVAL ASSESSMENT OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA WITH ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE TRAITS FROM FRESH SUMMER ROYAL GRAPE : IN VITRO MICROBIAL CHALLENGE TEST

Table grape act as a popular and mouthwatering fruit supplement over the world. Unhygienic handling of these fruits can possess a diverse threat to public health safety. Moreover, the fruit juice can serve as a nutrient for bacterial growth as well if kept in an unsanitary condition. For this purpose, five imported grape samples (Red Globe, Perlette, Calmeria, Princess and Summer Royal) were tested to assess the presence of pathogenic bacteria and drug-resistant pattern of the isolates. The total bacterial count (TBC) and total fungal count (TFC) showed the presence large amount of bacterial (ranged from 4.4 x 10(4) to 8.1 x 10(7)) and fungal population on the grapes samples, especially on the skin part of the fruits. Several pathogenic isolates, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from tested grape samples. However, the presence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp. and Klebsiella spp. were not found from any of the samples. The concerning part of the present study was drug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from supplied Fresh Summer Royal Grape. The most of the isolated bacterial spp. were resistant to all most all of the commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin (10 mu g), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 mu g), tetracycline (30 mu g), ceftriaxone (30 mu g), imipenem (10 mu g), chloramphenicol (30 mu g), azithromycin (15 mu g), novobiocin (30 mu g), vancomycin (30 mu g), penicillin G (10 mu g), ciprofloxacin (5 mu g), neomycin (30 mu g), levofloxacin (5 mu g), kanamycin (30 mu g) and cefiximycin (5 mu g). No grape samples showed any kind of antimicrobial activity against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. The survival pattern of inoculated bacterial samples in the grape sample showed a slight decrease in growth in the course of time.Peer reviewe

SARS-CoV-2 and Rohingya Refugee Camp, Bangladesh: Uncertainty and How the Government Took Over the Situation

Background: Bangladesh hosts more than 800,000 Rohingya refugees from Myanmar. The low health immunity, lifestyle, access to good healthcare services, and social-security cause this population to be at risk of far more direct effects of COVID-19 than the host population. Therefore, evidence-based forecasting of the COVID-19 burden is vital in this regard. In this study, we aimed to forecast the COVID-19 obligation among the Rohingya refugees of Bangladesh to keep up with the disease outbreak’s pace, health needs, and disaster preparedness. Methodology and Findings: To estimate the possible consequences of COVID-19 in the Rohingya camps of Bangladesh, we used a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) transmission model. All of the values of different parameters used in this model were from the Bangladesh Government’s database and the relevant emerging literature. We addressed two different scenarios, i.e., the best-fitting model and the good-fitting model with unique consequences of COVID-19. Our best fitting model suggests that there will be reasonable control over the transmission of the COVID-19 disease. At the end of December 2020, there will be only 169 confirmed COVID-19 cases in the Rohingya refugee camps. The average basic reproduction number (R0 role= presentation \u3eR0) has been estimated to be 0.7563. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that, due to the extensive precautions from the Bangladesh government and other humanitarian organizations, the coronavirus disease will be under control if the maintenance continues like this. However, detailed and pragmatic preparedness should be adopted for the worst scenario

Role of T cells in cancer immunotherapy: Opportunities and challenges

Immunotherapies boosting the immune system\u27s ability to target cancer cells are promising for the treatment of various tumor types, yet clinical responses differ among patients and cancers. Recently, there has been increasing interest in novel cancer immunotherapy practices aimed at triggering T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Antigen-directed cytotoxicity mediated by T lymphocytes has become a central focal point in the battle against cancer utilizing the immune system. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the actions of T lymphocytes have directed new therapeutic approaches in cancer immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade, adoptive and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, and cancer vaccinology. This review addresses all the strategies targeting tumor pathogenesis, including metabolic pathways, to evaluate the clinical significance of current and future immunotherapies for patients with cancer, which are further engaged in T cell activation, differentiation, and response against tumors

Application of fenton process in treating landfill leachate

Physicochemical processes have been used to remove non-biodegradable organic compounds in leachate generated from sanitary landfills. The optimum removal of COD and colour were around 36% and 24% respectively for 7 days of detention time by using conventional extended aeration process widely practiced for the treatment system of Matuail landfill site. This research is undertaken to investigate various operating conditions for minimizing the Fenton reagent dose and maximizing COD and colour removal from the leachate. Considering both the removal efficiencies and sludge disposal, the optimum dosages of H2O2 and Fe2+ were found 1000 mg/l and 1250 mg/l respectively with a molar ratio of 1:1.3. An initial pH of 3~5 for Fenton oxidation and final pH of 5~7 for Fenton coagulation were selected for optimum removal. Under these optimal conditions COD and colour removal efficiencies were over 80% and 97% respectively with 42% of sludge production

A comparative analysis of building materials for sustainable construction with emphasis on CO2 reduction

Building contributes almost 40% of CO2 emissions and is a major contributor to the green house gas (GHG) emissions. Different types of construction materials possess a wide variation of embodied energy and emit CO2 at different magnitudes during its life cycle. Selection of appropriate construction materials can considerably cut down CO2 emissions and make our buildings more sustainable and energy efficient. The study is an attempt to address the issues of sustainable construction and how its selection of construction materials can reduce CO2 emissions and play an important role in reducing the impact of climate change directly or indirectly. A case study for a typical house having 90 sq. m. of plan area was analysed to see the variation of CO2 emission based on altering the types of construction materials to be used. It has been observed from the case study that construction materials like aluminium and steel should be less encouraged due to their higher CO2 emission rate as compared to glass and timber

Different treatment strategies for highly polluted landfill leachate in developing countries

The aim of this research was to determine appropriate treatment technique for effective treatment of heavily polluted landfill leachate. We accomplished several treatment experiments: (i) aerobic biological treatment, (ii) chemical coagulation, (iii) advanced oxidation process (AOP) and (iv) several combined treatment strategies. Efficiency of these treatment procedures were monitored by analysing COD and colour removal. Leachate used for this study was taken from Matuail landfill site at Dhaka city. With extended aeration process which is currently used in Matuail landfill site for leachate treatment, maximum COD and colour removal of 36% and 20%, respectively could be achieved with optimum retention period of 7days. With optimum aluminium sulphate dose of 15,000mg/L and pH value of 7.0, maximum COD and colour removals of 34% and 66%, respectively were observed by using chemical coagulation. With optimum pH of 5.0 and optimum dosages of reagents having H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio of 1.3 the highest removal of COD and colour were found 68% and 87%, respectively with sludge production of 55%. Fenton treatment which is an advanced oxidation process was the most successful between these three separate treatment procedures. Among the combined treatment options performed, extended aeration followed by Fenton method was the most suitable one

Building greener homes based on coding and rating system

Making our homes greener requires optimization of environmental impacts through efficient use of energy, water and building materials and proper disposal of waste. The study is an attempt to build greener homes by introducing codes leading to a rating system to minimize the environmental damage during its life span and to revolutionize the design of new buildings for healthy and more sustainable lifestyles. The code has been proposed based on six criteria covering energy, water, materials, waste, ecology, health and wellbeing. Each criterion is assessed and weighted based on its relative importance and a total score is obtained after assessing all the criteria. It also recommended that all buildings should be certified or coded by a licensed and accredited code assessor to ensure that the rating is independent and trustworthy