Silent Myocardial Ischemia (SMI) and its Association with Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Background: As silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is more common in diabetic population leading to the development of future coronary artery disease (CAD), so its early diagnosis is important. SMI can be diagnosed by conventional cardiac stress testing. Presence of SMI can also be suspected by microalbuminuria (MAU) because recently it is claimed that MAU is one of the important predictor for cardiovascular disease. Objective: The study was designed to explore the association between SMI & MAU in type 2 DM. Methods: It was a cross sectional study carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, BSMMU during the period of July 2006 to June 2008. One hundred diagnosed type 2 DM patients were selected from out patient department of BIRDEM. Enrolled study subjects were advised to do ETT and then categorized as ETT +ve & ETT-ve on the basis of ETT findings. Urinary micro albumin was measured in all study subjects. Unpaired t test, , chi square test, odds ratio were used to see the level of significance Results: Among the 100 type 2 diabetic subjects of both sexes 50 (male -24, female- 26) were ETT +ve designated as type 2 DM with silent MI and rest 50 ( male- 25 , female-25) were ETT ve designated as type 2 DM without silent MI. 21 patients (42%) out of 50 type 2 DM with silent MI & 16 patients (32%) out of 50 type 2 DM without silent MI found to have microalbuminuria. Calculated odds ratio was 1.5. Conclusion: Microalbuminuria is a possible risk factor for SMI in type 2 DM. Urinary micro albumin can be used particularly as a screening test for early detection of SMI.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v5i1.11016 BSMMU J 2012; 5(1):42-4

Silent Myocardial Ischemia (SMI) and its Association with Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Background: As silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is more common in diabetic population leading to the development of future coronary artery disease (CAD), so its early diagnosis is important. SMI can be diagnosed by conventional cardiac stress testing. Presence of SMI can also be suspected by microalbuminuria (MAU) because recently it is claimed that MAU is one of the important predictor for cardiovascular disease. Objective: The study was designed to explore the association between SMI & MAU in type 2 DM. Methods: It was a cross sectional study carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, BSMMU during the period of July 2006 to June 2008. One hundred diagnosed type 2 DM patients were selected from out patient department of BIRDEM. Enrolled study subjects were advised to do ETT and then categorized as ETT +ve & ETT-ve on the basis of ETT findings. Urinary micro albumin was measured in all study subjects. Unpaired t test, , chi square test, odds ratio were used to see the level of significance Results: Among the 100 type 2 diabetic subjects of both sexes 50 (male -24, female- 26) were ETT +ve designated as type 2 DM with silent MI and rest 50 ( male- 25 , female-25) were ETT ve designated as type 2 DM without silent MI. 21 patients (42%) out of 50 type 2 DM with silent MI & 16 patients (32%) out of 50 type 2 DM without silent MI found to have microalbuminuria. Calculated odds ratio was 1.5. Conclusion: Microalbuminuria is a possible risk factor for SMI in type 2 DM. Urinary micro albumin can be used particularly as a screening test for early detection of SMI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v5i1.11016 BSMMU J 2012; 5(1):42-4

Association of serum vitamin D and parathormone levels in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy

The present study was aimed to evaluate the association of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and parathormone in 46 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy [non-proliferative, (n=27); proliferative (n=19)]. Twenty one diabetic patients without retinopathy were taken as control. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone were measured by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D differed significantly among groups (p=0.018) and it was significantly lower in proliferative diabetic retinopathy than no diabetic retinopathy (p=0.003). Logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin D deficiency [25-hydroxy vitamin D <20 ng/mL] was indepen-dently associated with development of diabetic retinopathy (p=0.007, OR 20.90, 95%CI 2.33-187.23). In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is associated with diabetic retinopathy complicating type 2 diabetes mellitus

Analyses of variability, euclidean clustering and principal components for genetic diversity of eight Tossa Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) genotypes

An investigation was done to assess the genetic variability, character associations, and genetic diversity of eight jute genotypes for seven morphological traits in a randomised complete block design at Bangladesh Jute Research Institute during 15 March, 2018 to 31 December, 2019. Analyses results revealed significant differences (P<0.01) among all genotypes for studied traits indicating the presence of variability. All the lines performed better than one control (JRO-524), and the line (O-0412-9-4) provided good results for desired traits than all controls. Jute fibre yield showed the highest broad sense heritability (98.54%). The studied jute morphological traits i.e. Plant population, the plant height, green weight, dry fibre yield and dry stick yield gave high heritability along with high genotypic and phenotypic variances, genetic advances in percent of the mean, highly significant and positive correlations. It indicates the possibility of crop improvement through phenotypic selection and maximum genetic gain, simultaneously at the genotypic-phenotypic level. Clustering analysis grouped all genotypes into three distinct clusters. The cluster II showed the highest mean values for all traits followed by cluster I and III. The first two principal components with higher Eigen values (>1.0) accounted for 90.88% of the total variation in the principal component analysis. PCA and cluster analyses indicated that the advanced breeding line O-0412-9-4 made its individual cluster II with higher inter-cluster distance and higher fibre yield (3.12 t ha-1). The investigation was done to select the genotype(s) with good fibre yield and distinct features in respect of developing high yielding Tossa jute variety for cultivation in the farmers’ field. This genotype O-0412-9-4 was selected based on higher plant height, base diameter, fibre yield content. It will be developed as a high yielding variety considering its’ higher genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, significant associations for desirable characters

تأثير الصوت من كلام البشر نموذجاً قوله تعالى: إِ ن أَنكَرَ األَْ أ صوَاتِ لَصَأو ت ا أ لَْمِير

This article aims to expose the role of sound from people’s speech and its effects when they address each other, from the light of the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah. Sound has great importance to convey the message of personal objectives among the people. We speak everyday with our parents, relatives, neighbours and others within our own community and beyond. Consequently, proper addressing with soft sound has paramount benefits. Nowadays many people do not care about this sensitive part, due to the sound intonation sometimes leads to awaken feelings, either positive or negative corner. The Qur’an and the Sunnah give special value in this aspect in the time of conversation with people regardless their religions and tribes even with unbelievers. Allah mentions in the holy Quran when he addressed to Moses and Aaron (peace be upon them): “But speak to him mildly; perchance he may take warning or fear (Allah)” (20:44). This verse indicates to the wonderful style of dialogue with people even if he denies God and does not believe in the Creator of this prolonged universe. Moreover in this paper we will discuss about the impact of sound when they speak with other as well as importance of way for conversation. Apart from that the solution for the negative effects of coarse sounds, in this research we will follow analytical and inductive approach

Performance Study and comparison of Handover Mechanisms between WiMAX Mobile Multihop Relay (802.16j) and mobile WiMAX (802.16e) using NCTUns

Multihop wireless access networks are the subject of much interest at present. In the last few years they have moved from the domain of an interesting research topic to one having a significant impact on the commercial world. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is introduced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers with designated standards 802.16d-2004 and 802.16e-2005 (used in fixed wireless applications) and 802.16k-2006 (mobile wireless) to provide a worldwide interoperability for microwave access. For WiMAX networks, the IEEE has started in 2006 to work on 802.16j "Mobile Multihop Relay" (MMR). 802.16j offers a potential solution to some of the classic problems in deployment of radio access networks. Comprising low-cost relays associated with base stations (BSs), they can be used both to realize larger coverage areas for BSs and to increase capacity for congested areas. The basic idea behind MMR is to allow WiMAX base stations which do not have a backhaul connection to communicate with base stations that do. Multihop wireless systems have the potential to offer improved coverage and capacity over single-hop radio access systems. Standards development organizations are considering how to incorporate such techniques into new standards. One such initiative is the IEEE 802.16j standardization activity, adding relay capabilities to IEEE 802.16 systems. Relay-based systems typically comprise small form factor low-cost relays, which are associated with specific base stations. The relays can be used to extend the coverage area of a BS and/or increase the capacity of a wireless access system. Typically, it is envisaged that they could be used in the early stages of network rollout to provide coverage to a large area at lower cost than a BS only solution; they can also be used to provide increased capacity in more developed networks as well as coverage to coverage holes such as areas in the shadows of buildings. As the urban structures are getting heavily dominated by buildings day by day, network coverage in heaving areas blocked by buildings is a big challenge. The aim of 802.16j is to extend coverage area with improved capacity and low cost by the use of relay stations. In this thesis, the performance of standard handover mechanisms in MMR has been studied. NCTUns-6.0, which is an open source simulation tool that supports 802.16j standard, has been used in this thesis for the simulation. Only Hard Handover has been simulated on 802.16j scenario as NCTUns-6.0 only supports this handover method. Same simulation has been made on 802.16e scenario as well for the purpose of quantitative comparison. The performance parameters have been handover time, downlink throughput and transfer of packets. Keywords: Mobile Multhop Relay(MMR), WiMAX, Hard Handover, NCTUns, Base station(BS), Relay station(RS), OFDMA+4672309207

Performance Study and comparison of Handover Mechanisms between WiMAX Mobile Multihop Relay (802.16j) and mobile WiMAX (802.16e) using NCTUns

Multihop wireless access networks are the subject of much interest at present. In the last few years they have moved from the domain of an interesting research topic to one having a significant impact on the commercial world. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is introduced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers with designated standards 802.16d-2004 and 802.16e-2005 (used in fixed wireless applications) and 802.16k-2006 (mobile wireless) to provide a worldwide interoperability for microwave access. For WiMAX networks, the IEEE has started in 2006 to work on 802.16j "Mobile Multihop Relay" (MMR). 802.16j offers a potential solution to some of the classic problems in deployment of radio access networks. Comprising low-cost relays associated with base stations (BSs), they can be used both to realize larger coverage areas for BSs and to increase capacity for congested areas. The basic idea behind MMR is to allow WiMAX base stations which do not have a backhaul connection to communicate with base stations that do. Multihop wireless systems have the potential to offer improved coverage and capacity over single-hop radio access systems. Standards development organizations are considering how to incorporate such techniques into new standards. One such initiative is the IEEE 802.16j standardization activity, adding relay capabilities to IEEE 802.16 systems. Relay-based systems typically comprise small form factor low-cost relays, which are associated with specific base stations. The relays can be used to extend the coverage area of a BS and/or increase the capacity of a wireless access system. Typically, it is envisaged that they could be used in the early stages of network rollout to provide coverage to a large area at lower cost than a BS only solution; they can also be used to provide increased capacity in more developed networks as well as coverage to coverage holes such as areas in the shadows of buildings. As the urban structures are getting heavily dominated by buildings day by day, network coverage in heaving areas blocked by buildings is a big challenge. The aim of 802.16j is to extend coverage area with improved capacity and low cost by the use of relay stations. In this thesis, the performance of standard handover mechanisms in MMR has been studied. NCTUns-6.0, which is an open source simulation tool that supports 802.16j standard, has been used in this thesis for the simulation. Only Hard Handover has been simulated on 802.16j scenario as NCTUns-6.0 only supports this handover method. Same simulation has been made on 802.16e scenario as well for the purpose of quantitative comparison. The performance parameters have been handover time, downlink throughput and transfer of packets. Keywords: Mobile Multhop Relay(MMR), WiMAX, Hard Handover, NCTUns, Base station(BS), Relay station(RS), OFDMA+4672309207

An Analysis of Progress of Rural Development Scheme (RDS) by IBBL: A Study on Kushtia Branch

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of micro credit program under Rural Development Scheme (RDS) Introduction The success of a bank largely depends upon its efficient lending, earning more profitability, productivity, financial solvency, investing and RDS operations. Convectional bank charges fixed rate of interest on their credit and the Islamic Bank supplies commodity which are permissible in Islamic Shariah and local law adding a specific mark-up or shares with any business or projects and take profit and / or bears losses proportionate to the capita

Cystatin C: A Marker of Renal Function

The most widely used investigation of renal function and GFR is the measurement of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance rate. This has been extremely popular in clinical medicine despite formidable difficulties associated with its quantification and interpretation. The main pathophysiological difficulties include variations in the rates of creatinine generation and its secretion by the renal tubules. Concentration of serum creatinine is now recognized as an unreliable measure of kidney function as it is affected by age, body weight, muscle mass, race and various medications. Several equations have been developed to improve the accuracy of serum creatinine level as a measure of GFR. The most widely used in adult populations are the Cockroft-Gault equation and the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Even with these equations, measurement of GFR is difficult because the equations are less accurate with higher levels of kidney function and are affected by interlaboratory variation in measuring creatinine level. In the above perspective, cystatin C concentration has become a promising marker for kidney function in both native and transplanted kidneys. Because of the possible potentiality of cystatin C to be an emerging endogenous marker for quick and accurate assessment of renal function, we have decided to review elaborately on cystatin C as a marker of renal function and to review the sensitivity and specificity of cystatin C as an endogenous marker compared to serum creatinine. Results of our review study suggest that cystatin C is a better marker of renal function compared to serum creatinine and other endogenous markers irrespective of age, sex and clinical condition

Assessment of Microbial Load in Made Tea and Antimicrobial Property of Made Tea Infusion.

This study aimed to find out that a cup of tea is or is not safe for human health from microbial contamination and to point out the antimicrobial property of made tea liquor. Different made tea brands were collected randomly from different super shop of Dhaka city. The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC),2005 was used as official methods of analysis. The Standard Plate Count (SPC) technique was used for total microbial load, yeast and fungal count.Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was used for the enumeration of coliform in tea samples. Bacteria, yeast, mould and coliform were observed before and after boiling in all studied the samples. Before boiling, total microbial load and coliform were found at significantly higher of its’ acceptable limit (p0.05). After boiling,only coliform was observed significantly higher in all except Tetley tea at its’ non-acceptable limit (p<0.05). Fecal coliform was not present at every stage of this study. Made tea liquor has shown to have antimicrobial property. Boiling in tea preparation and its’ liquor antimicrobial property considerably reduced the level of microbial load to safe level for public consumption