Analysis on Preparation, Application, and Recycling of Activated Carbon to Aid in COVID-19 Protection

Activated carbon (AC) is an extremely porous carbonaceous adsorptive substance which has a rigid carbon matrix with high surface area and broad functional groups. The structure is connected by chemical bonds; arranged irregularly, generating a highly porous arrangement of corners, crevices, claps, and cracks between the carbon layers. Activated carbons are produced high-temperature and chemical activation of waste biomass. The pores in the lattice network of activated carbon permit the removal of impurities from gaseous and liquid medium through adsorption. At present, the COVID-19 disease is the prime concern around the whole world because of its exponential infections and death rate. There is no medicine for this virus, and protection is the only remedy to survive from this contagious disease. Using a face mask is one of the best methods to get rid of COVID-19. The mask combined with activated carbon can be beneficial for adsorbing and disinfecting the virus as it is the versatile adsorbent for the elimination of the organic, inorganic, and pathogenic contaminants

Synthesis and Structural Study of a Novel La0.67Ca0.33Cr0.9Cu0.1O3-δ Anode for Syngas-Fuelled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an alternative energy generation device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy from the use of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuel. A light hydrocarbon, e.g. methane (CH4), is a hydrogen-rich fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel to hydrogen in SOFC application. Carbon-containing fuel is accessible from natural gas, biogas, biomass gasification, etc. Biomass gasification produces methane, hydrogen (H2), etc. as syngas products which could be integrated with SOFC. As anode is an outer layer of SOFC which exposes to fuel, the development of anode for carbon-containing fuel application is essential. Conventional Ni-containing anode is found to create carbon deposition which degrades the cell. The replacement of copper (Cu) to Ni has been studied to enhance the direct electrochemical oxidation of dry hydrocarbons which is free from carbon deposition. With the interest of Cu doping, a La-based anode has been doped with 10 % Cu at B-site of perovskite structure as La0.67Ca0.33Cr0.9Cu0.1O3-δ and studied the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) for future application in syngas-fuelled SOFC

COVID-19 Prevention: Role of Activated Carbon

Recently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought the whole world into a pandemic condition, where the number of infected cases and deaths is exponentially high. A number of vaccines are available for this novel virus, but these are in the preliminary stage and are also not available to everyone. As the virus is very contagious, protection and prevention are the best way to survive and get rid of this disease. The virus affects the human body by entering through the nose, mouth, and eyes, so face protection with an appropriate mask is highly advisable. Combined masks made with activated carbon (AC) can effectively adsorb the virus because of its high surface area and broad functional groups. Such combined masks can also control coronavirus transmission by capturing harmful gases and smoke as they help in decreasing the spread of the viru

Improved mechanical strength, proton conductivity and power density in an ‘all-protonic’ ceramic fuel cell at intermediate temperature

The authors AA and NR would like to thank Universiti Brunei Darussalam for providing a UGS scholarship to perform this research. This work was supported by the UBD CRG project: UBD/OVACRI/CRGWG(006)/161201.Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) have become the most efficient, clean and cost-effective electrochemical energy conversion devices in recent years. While significant progress has been made in developing proton conducting electrolyte materials, mechanical strength and durability still need to be improved for efficient applications. We report that adding 5 mol% Zn to the Y-doped barium cerate-zirconate perovskite electrolyte material can significantly improve the sintering properties, mechanical strength, durability and performance. Using same proton conducting material in anodes, electrolytes and cathodes to make a strong structural backbone shows clear advantages in mechanical strength over other arrangements with different materials. Rietveld analysis of the X-ray and neutron diffraction data of BaCe0.7Zr0.1Y0.15Zn0.05O3−δ (BCZYZn05) revealed a pure orthorhombic structure belonging to the Pbnm space group. Structural and electrochemical analyses indicate highly dense and high proton conductivity at intermediate temperature (400–700 °C). The anode-supported single cell, NiO-BCZYZn05|BCZYZn05|BSCF-BCZYZn05, demonstrates a peak power density of 872 mW cm−2 at 700 °C which is one of the highest power density in an all-protonic solid oxide fuel cell. This observation represents an important step towards commercially viable SOFC technology.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

MODERN INSTALLATION PROCESS OF PRE-ENGINEERED STEEL BUILDING

In our construction sector Pre-engineered building (PEB) system is the new concept. It has huge advantages including economical solution,easier fabrication and prompt Installation which reduced time and cost. The present work represents the Installation process of st eel building which involves with the gathering of steel materials into a structure on the site. This process briefly describes the materials unloading,lifting,placing the materials into better position and then assembles t hem as an entire member by bolting. The processes must be completed with quickly,safely and economically . Installation cost varies around 10-12% of the whole project price which is primarily dependent on the speed of installation of the building . If we do the Installation carefully the cost will be minimized with maintaining safety. By this we can assure the safe Installation procedures and structural stability of the building. To focus all these relevant aspects the procedure for the Installation process are describe in this paper https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=14113

Evaluation of thermochemical characteristics and pyrolysis of fish processing waste for renewable energy feedstock

The necessity of energy is continuously increasing, whereas fossil fuel sources are gradually depleting. Tomitigate this problem, fish processingwaste of the bluespotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii), available in the Borneo region, was investigated for an alternative feedstock of bioenergy production. The fish wastes are hazardous for the environment, whereas the biodiesel from fish waste is pollutionfree and produces less contaminant gas and carbon dioxide than fossil fuel. From the proximate analysis, the moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content of the fish waste were achieved as 4.88%, 63.80%, 15.03%, and 16.29%, respectively. The proportion of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen was found as 42.06%, 5.99%, 10.77%, 0.91%, and 40.27%, respectively, from the ultimate analysis. The calorific value was 21.53 MJ/kg, which would be highly effective in biofuel production. The morphology analysis results of the biomass are favorable for renewable energy sources. The major bondage between carbon and hydrogen and oxygen was found using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetry revealed that the highest weight loss occurred at 352 C temperature with a decomposition rate of 4.57 wt.%/min in pyrolysis circumstances, and at 606 C temperature with a decomposition rate of 3.77 wt.%/min in combustion conditions. In the pyrolysis process for 25 C/min heating rate, the yield of biochar, bio-oil, and bio-syngas was found as 33.96, 29.34, 23.46% at 400 C, 47.72, 49.32, 33.87% at 500 C, and 18.32, 21.34, 42.37% at 600 C, respectively. The characteristics and pyrolysis yields of fish waste are suitable for being an effective renewable energy source.Prince of Songkla University and the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand, under the Reinventing University Project.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainabilityam2023Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin

Insight of novel layered perovskite PrSrMn2O5+δ: A neutron powder diffraction study

Neutron diffraction is very important to characterizing complex oxide materials, especially for the light element position and occupancy. In this study, a new layered perovskite oxide material, PrSrMn2O5+δ, was prepared by the solid-state reaction method and characterized by using X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction data showed that the material adopted orthorhombic symmetry and Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction data gave accurate unit cell parameters (a = 3.8907 (1) \uc5, b = 3.8227 (1) \uc5, and c = 7.6846 (2) \uc5, atomic positions and space group (Pmmm)). Scanning electron microscopy showed a porous and interlinked microstructure. Thermogravimetric analysis exhibited two-stage weight losses up to 1000 \ub0C from room temperature, indicating a good amount of oxygen losses and high material stability

Investigation of Thermochemical Properties and Pyrolysis of Barley Waste as a Source for Renewable Energy

Energy consumption is rising dramatically at the price of depleting fossil fuel supplies and rising greenhouse gas emissions. To resolve this crisis, barley waste, which is hazardous for the environment and landfill, was studied through thermochemical characterization and pyrolysis to use it as a feedstock as a source of renewable energy. According to proximate analysis, the concentrations of ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and moisture were 5.43%, 73.41%, 18.15%, and 3.01%, consecutively. The ultimate analysis revealed that the composition included an acceptable H/C, O/C, and (N+O)/C atomic ratio, with the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen amounts being 46.04%, 6.84%, 3.895%, and 0.91%, respectively. The higher and lower heating values of 20.06 MJ/kg and 18.44 MJ/kg correspondingly demonstrate the appropriateness and promise for the generation of biofuel effectively. The results of the morphological study of biomass are promising for renewable energy sources. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the main link between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen was discovered, which is also important for bioenergy production. The maximum degradation rate was found by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetry to be 4.27% per minute for pyrolysis conditions at a temperature of 366 °C and 5.41% per minute for combustion conditions at a temperature of 298 °C. The maximum yields of biochar (38.57%), bio-oil (36.79%), and syngas (40.14%) in the pyrolysis procedure were obtained at 400, 500, and 600 °C, respectively. With the basic characterization and pyrolysis yields of the raw materials, it can be concluded that barley waste can be a valuable source of renewable energy. Further analysis of the pyrolyzed products is recommended to apply in the specific energy fields